Jean-Michel Serres, Composer-pianist (Apfel Café Music): Website

26 December 20157 October 2021

French Tenses of the Indicative Mood Memo

Les temps de l’indicatif / Die Zeiten des Indikativ

4 temps simples / 4 simple tenses / 4 einfache Zeiten

le présent/the present/das Präsens

Things, a habitual action, a description and a truth at the present time, in a near future or in from the past to the present. A vividly description about past event.
(S do, S be doing, S do do / es macht, es kommt)

je suis, tu es, il/elle est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils/elles sont

j’ai, tu as, il/elle a, nous avons, vous avez, ils/elles ont

je chante, tu chantes, il chante, nous chantons, vous chantez, ils/elles chantent

je pars, tu pars, il/elle part, nous partons, vous partez, ils partons, vous partez, ils partent

l’imparfait / the imperfect / das Imperfekt

Continuous things, habitual action, description and truth in the past.
One of the verb tenses used to talk about the past, especially in descriptions, and to say what used to happen.
(S was doing, S used to do, S did / es machte, es kam)

j’étais, tu étais, il/elle était, nous étions, vous étiez, ils/elles étaient

j’avais, tu avais, il/elle avait, nous avions, vous aviez, ils avaient

je chantais, tu chantais, il/elle chantait, nous chantions, vous chantiez, ils/elles chantaient

je partais, tu partais, il/elle partait, nous partait, vous partiez, ils/elles partaient

le passé simple / simple past / das Passé simple

A literary past tense.
(S did / es machte, es kam)

je fus, tu fus, il/elle fut, nous fûmes, vous fûtes, ils/elles furent

j’eus, tu eus, il/elles eut, nous eûtes, vous eûtes, ils/elles eurent

je chantai, tu chantas, il/elle chanta, nous chantâmes, vous chantâtes, ils/elles chantèrent

je partis, tu partis, il/elle partit, nous partîmes, vous partîtes, ils/elles partirent

le futur simple / the future simple / das Futur Ⅰ

Something that will happen or will be true.
(S will do, S shall do / es werd machen, es wird kommen)

je serai, tu seras, il/elle sera, nous serons, vous serez, ils/elles seront

j’aurai, tu auras, il/elle aura, nous aurons, vous aurez, ils/elles auront

je chanterai, tu chanteras, il/elle chantera, nous chanterons, vous chanterez, ils/elles chanteront

je partirai, tu partiras, il/elle partira, nous partirons, vous partirez, ils/elles partiront

4 temps composés / 4 compound tenses / 4 Zusammengesetzte Zeiten

le passé composé, the compound past, das Perfekt

Things have happened or were true in the past, and were completed at a point in the past.
auxiliaire (présent) + participle passé
(S did, S have done, S did done / es hat gemacht, es ist gekommen)

j’ai été, tu as été, il/elle a été, nous avons été, vous avez été, ils/elles ont été

j’ai eu, tu as eu, il/elle a eu, nous avons eu, vous avez eu, ils/elle ont eu

j’ai chanté, tu as chanté, il/elle a chanté, vous avez chanté, ils/elles ont chanté

je suis parti(e), tu es parti(e), il/elle est parti(e), nous sommes parti(e)s, vous êtes parti(e)(s), ils/elles ont parti(e)s

le plus-que-parfait / the pluperfect / das Plusquamperfekt

Thing had happened before another action at a point in the past.
auxiliaire (imparfait) + participle passé
(S had done, S had been doing / es hatte gemacht, es war gekommen)

j’avais été, tu avais été, il/elle avait été, nous avions été, vous aviez été, ils/elles avaient été

j’avais eu, tu avais eu, il/elle avait eu, nous avions eu, vous aviez eu, ils/elles avaient eu

j’avais chanté, tu avais chanté, il/elle avait chanté, nous avions chanté, vous aviez chanté, ils/elles avaient chanté

j’étais parti(e), tu étais parti(e), il/elle était parti(e), nous étions parti(e)s, vous étiez parti(e)(s), ils/elles étaient parti(e)s

le passé antérieur / the past perfect / das Passé Antérieur

Literary equivalent to the pluperfect.
auxiliaire (passé simple) + participle passé
(S had done / es hatte gemacht, es war gekommen)

j’eus été, tu eus été, ils/elle eut été, nous eûmes été, vous eûtes été, ils/elles eurent été

j’eus eu, tu eus eu, ils/elles eut eu, nous eûmes eu, vous eûtes eu, ils/elles eurent eu

j’eus chanté, tu eus chanté, il/elle eut chanté, nous eûmes chanté, vous eûtes chanté, ils/elles eurent chanté

je fus parti(e), tu fus parti(e), il/elle fut parti(e), nous fûmes parti(e)s, vous fûtes parti(e)(s), ils/elles furent parti(e)s

le futur antérieur / the future perfect / das Futur Ⅱ

Things will happen in the future before another future action. Action will be completed at the specific time in the future.
auxiliaire (futur) + participle passé
(S will have done, S shall have done / es wird gemacht haben, es wird gekommen sein)

j’aurai aurai été, tu auras été, il/elle aura été, nous aurons été, vous aurez été, ils/elles auront été

j’aurai eu, tu auras eu, il/elle aura eu, nous aurons eu, vous aurez eu, ils/elles auront eu

j’aurai chanté, tu auras chanté, il/elle aura chanté, nous aurons chanté, vous aurez chanté, ils/elles auront chanté

je serai parti(e), tu seras parti(e), il/elle sera parti(e), nous serons parti(e)s, vous serez parti(e)(s), ils/elles seront parti(e)s

Timeline of Miles Davis

1926 – May 26 Miles Dewey Davis Ⅲ was born in Alton, Illinois, to an African American affluent family. His father was a dentist. His mother was a music lover.

1935 – Got first his trumpet sent by father’s friend.

1939 – His father was present a new trumpet to Miles.

1943 – Began playing professionally at the Elks Club.

1944 – The Billy Eckstine Band visited St. Louis. The members of the band included Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker.

Moved to New York City to study music at the Juilliard School. Got acquainted with Charlie Parker.

1945 – Participated the Charlie Parker Quintet as replacement of Dizzy Gillespie.

‘First Miles’, First Recording on a member of Herbie Fields Sextet.

1947 – First leader recording.

1948 – Miles Davis Nonet, includes J. J. Johnson, Lee Konitz, Gerry Mulligan and Gil Evans, performed at the Royal Roost. (Cool Jazz)

1949 – ‘Birth of the Cool’

First european tour with Tadd Dameron.

1950 – Played together with Art Blakey, witch led Hard Bop style.

1951 – ‘Dig’ with Sonny Rollins and Art Blakey.

1953 – Returned to St. Louis to recover from drug intoxication.

1954 – Came back to New York Jazz scene.

‘Walkin’’ A Peak of Hard Bop style.

‘Bags’ Groove’ with Thelonious Monk and Milt Jackson.

1955 – Formed ‘visionary quintet’ with Sonny Rollins, Red Garland, Paul Chambers and Philly Joe Jones.

Formed ‘first great quintet’ added John Coltrane.

1956 – ‘Marathon Session’ Recording of the ‘Hard Bop bible’: ‘Cookin’, ‘Relaxin’, ‘Workin’ and ‘Steamin’.

Major debut by ‘Round About Midnight’, Columbia Records.

1957 – Discharged John Coltrane and Philly Joe Jones, because of their drug intoxication and the limit of quintet Jazz style.

‘Miles Ahead’ with Gil Evans Orchestra.

1958 – Adopted Modal Jazz, and released ‘Milestones’.

Bill Evans joined Miles’s Sextet.

Cannonball Adderley ‘Somethin’ Else’ Virtually leader album of Miles.

1959 – ‘Kind of Blue’ It was the proclamation and completion of Modal Jazz.

1960 – Miles Davis (with Gil Evans) ’Sketches of Spain’

1964 – Formed the ‘second great quintet’, the members of which are Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, Ron Carter and Tony Williams.

1965 – ‘E.S.P.’ A sprout of New Mainstream.

1967 – ‘Miles Smiles’ A masterpiece of New Mainstream.

1968 – Adopted electronic sounds and rhythm of Rock music on his album ‘Miles in the Sky’. In this album Miles made Herbie Hancock play a electronic piano, George Benson play a electric guitar.

1969 – ‘In a Silent Way’ The title track was composed by Joe Zawinul.

1970 – ‘Bitches Brew’, Adopted Rock and Electronic sound earnestly.

1972 – ‘On the Corner’ Adopted Funk sound and folk instruments.

1975 – Stopped his activity.

1981 – Came back music scene. Collaborated with Marcus Miller, Bill Evans (saxophonist) and heavy guitar sound of Mike Stern, and released a live album ‘We Want Miles’.

1985 – ‘Your Under Arrest’ Adopted Pop arrangement and features two pop songs: ‘Time After Time’ by Cyndi Lauper and ‘Human Nature’ by Michael Jackson.

1986 – Miles Davis ‘Tutu’ produced by Marcus Miller and Tommy LiPuma. This album featured Marcus Miller as producer and multi-player. It was like duet of Miles and Miller.

1991 – Died on September 28 by the combined effect of a pneumonia and stroke.

1992 – ‘Doo-Bop’ featured Hip Hop and rap.

Glossary of Jazz

■A Cappella

To do Chorus or vocal solo without accompaniments. In Jazz, it’s difficult and added scats. The origin of the word is ‘like chapel music’ in Italy.

■Ad Lib

Ad Lib means Solo performances by improvisation. Basically Jazz players perform ad lib along with a cord progression of theme. The origin of the word is ‘Ad Libitum’ (for free) in Latin.

■Alternative Take

Rejected takes from original release of records.

■Articulation

Delicate performance techniques to cut or to tie a tone to a tone.

■Battle

Some players take solos by turns in ad lib.

■Bird

The nickname of Charlie Parker.

■Blindfold Test

Shut out the information and make examinees to listen to the song(s), then examinees guess the performers and give their opinions.

■Block Chord> (Geroge Shirring Method)

The piano harmonize method set 4 tones in closed positions (within one octave under melodies).

■Blue Note

Specific tones of Blues. They are three tones of E-flat, G-flat and B-flat.

■Blue Note Scale

The scale inserted blue notes.

■Blues Form

The form of blues is composed of 12 bars by a pattern of basic 3 cords (Ⅰ – Ⅳ – Ⅴ) cycles.

■Bounce

Playing brightly and easy in middle tempo.

■Brass Section

Brass part of orchestra. Usually it consists of 4 of trumpets and 4 of trombone.

■Break

Blank parts in songs, stop melody and rhythm.

■Brownie

The nickname of Clifford Brown.

■Call and Response

Dialogue by instruments or a vocal.

■Chase

Some players take solos by turns in a measures (usually 4 or 8 bars). Chase also called 4 bars (change) or 8 bars (change).

■Chorus

Sections expresse theme of a song.

■Cliche

Cliche means fixed form. In Jazz, for example C major cord continues in a song. it can move the code like C-Cm7-C6-Cm7.

■Combo

Small formation of band.

■Comping

Comping means to do accompaniment. Similar mean to backing.

■Drive

Characteristic brilliant rhythm feeling of Jazz performance.

■Ellingtonians

Musician enrolled the Duke Ellington Orchestra, and support the sound of Ellington. Harry Carney, Johnny Hodges, Lawrence Brown, Ray Nance, Cootie Williams and Barney Bigard.

■Fake

Breaking a song listeners somehow can realize the original.

■Format

Compositions of instruments or numbers of members.

■Front Line

Front line means a horn section compared with a rhythm section.

■Gig

Regular live performance works for free musicians.

■Groove

The word Groove is a similar mean to Swing. It signifies feeling of undulation and beat in Jazz.

■Growl Tone (Grow Tone, Dirty Tone)

Distorted tone or such performance by wind instruments.

■Harmonize

Take harmonies to a melody.

■Head Arrangement

Scores wrote rough arrangement and melodies,

■House Band

A band appears in a Jazz club or live house, attached to them.

■Idiom

Idiom in Jazz means feeling of a album or a song, style, characteristic or manner of performance.

■Improvisation

Playing music instantaneous without resorting to scores, Equal mean to ad lib.

■Interplay

Interplay means interactions in playing Jazz. Players improvisational perform their music affecting mutual.

■Jam Session

Musicians happened to be there, play ad lib performance by a easy previous arrangement for their own pleasure.

■Laid Back

Playing sticky to a rhythm.

■Leader Album

The albums planed and recorded by a specific leader, Also the album released by the name of the leader.

■Liner Notes

Handbooks attached Record or CDs.

■Marathon Session

■Modern Jazz

Total name of Jazz style after Swing Jazz. But Resurgence of Traditionalism or Modern Traditional is not included to Modern Jazz.

■Niagara Fall

The word signified wild drum roll play by Art Blakey.

■Off Beat> (After Beat)

In Jazz often the second and fourth beats are emphasised. Way of play like this called off beat.

■Percussive Tone

Plosive tones have strong attack by wind instruments.

■Personnel

Members take part in a Jazz album.

■Phrasing

Deciding divides of melodies.

■Polyrhythm

Adopting plural different rhythms.

■Quartet

Bands consisted by 4 members. Usually in Jazz it is organized by a piano trio and a solo wind instrument player.

■Quintet

Bands consisted by 5 members. Usually in Jazz it is organized by a piano trio and two solo wind instrument player.

■Refrain

In Jazz, refrain means theme parts of the song.

■Reharmonize

Hamonize again to songs by using alternative code, and it become more complex. Players can obtain rather modern sound by this method.

■Rhythm Change

Cyclic code called by american musicians.

■Rhythm Section

The section is in charge of rhythm in a band, Usually it includes a piano, a guitar, a bass or a drum.

■Riff

Instrumental melodies without lyrics. Many of riffs are repetition of easy melody.

■Rubato

Not set order a tempo, to play music slowly and quickly in a song.

■Sheets of Sounds

The tenor play style by John Coltrane. Coltrane brake up code progressions and established the modal idiom free from the bondage of code. It make him play tenor like sound overflow and paved.

■Shirring Style

The style suggested by George Shirring. Three of instruments, vibraphone, guitar and piano play melodies unison.

■Side-Men

Players not a leader or featured artist.

■Sit in

To take part in a band, he or she not a regular member.

■Soli

Plural form of solo. Soli means performances featured a section on Big Band.

■Standard Form

The form of one chorus consists of 32 bars of A-A-B-A (each part are 8 bars).

■Standard Number

Masterpieces or popular songs played by many players.

■Straight Ahead

The Jazz style succeed the tradition of 4 beat Jazz.

■Swing

Feeling of rhythm shake or swing bodies naturally. To do ‘swing’ or not is the absolute requirement in Jazz.

■Tension Note

Tone added the basic cord to heighten the tension of sound. Such as 9th, 11th and 13th notes.

■Theme

Theme part of a song. Same mean of chorus in Jazz.

■Tutti

Tutti means all of players playing simultaneously in big bands or orchestra, and indication to do so.

■Two-Five
The typical cord progression of Jazz, especially Be Bop. For example like Ⅰ – Ⅱ – Ⅴ – Ⅰ or Ⅰ – Ⅳ – Ⅱ – Ⅴ.

■Vamp

Brief accompaniment by codes and rhythm.

■Walking Bass

The playing style of 4 beat Jazz (Bebop, Hard Bop). Bass line up side down along with 4 beats, it makes swing feeling.

Category: Note / Remark

French Tenses of the Indicative Mood Memo

4 temps simples / 4 simple tenses / 4 einfache Zeiten

le présent/the present/das Präsens

l’imparfait / the imperfect / das Imperfekt

le passé simple / simple past / das Passé simple

le futur simple / the future simple / das Futur Ⅰ

4 temps composés / 4 compound tenses / 4 Zusammengesetzte Zeiten

le passé composé, the compound past, das Perfekt

le plus-que-parfait / the pluperfect / das Plusquamperfekt

le passé antérieur / the past perfect / das Passé Antérieur

le futur antérieur / the future perfect / das Futur Ⅱ

Related Posts and Pages

Timeline of Miles Davis

Related Posts and Pages

Glossary of Jazz

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