『人生論ノート』三木清(角川ソフィア文庫、新潮文庫)要約

幸福

過去の哲学者にとって、幸福が倫理の中心問題であった。ストア主義は幸福のための節制を説いた、アウグスティヌスやパスカルも人はどこまでも幸福を求めるということを哲学の基礎とした。幸福について考えないことは現代人の特徴である。幸福について考える気力を失うほど不幸であるか、幸福を考えることが不道徳だと感じるほど不幸なのではないか?しかし、幸福を知らない人が本当の不幸が何なのか理解できるだろうか?

良心とは幸福の要求である。幸福の要求ほど良心的なものはない。以前の倫理学は幸福の要求がすべての行為の動機だということを共通の出発点にした。幸福のない倫理は、どれだけ論理的だったとしても虚無主義にしかならない。

幸福はただの感性的なものではなく、主知主義と倫理上の幸福説が結びつくことを思想の歴史が示してる。現在の反主知主義は幸福説を拒否することから出発している。

幸福は徳に反するものではなく、幸福そのものが徳である。他者の幸福について考えなければならないが、自分の持っている幸福以上の善いことを他者に与えることができるだろうか?

「人格は地の子らの最高の幸福である。」というゲーテの言葉は完全な定義である。幸福になるということは人格になるということである。幸福は肉体的快楽と精神的快楽、活動と存在、どの中にもある。人格は肉体でも精神でもあり、活動でも存在でもある。また、人格はそれらの複合作用により形成されるものである。現代は人格の分解の時代であり、これは逆に幸福が人格であるということを証明する。

懐疑について

懐疑は知性の一つの徳である。懐疑は人間特有のものであり、人間的な知性の自由さは懐疑のうちにある。モンテーニュの最大の知恵はその懐疑に節度があるということだ。真の懐疑者はソクラテスであり、懐疑が無限の探究だということを示した。

真の懐疑は成熟を示すものである。方法についての熟達は教養の最も重要なものだが、懐疑の中に節度があることが最も教養的なことである。

懐疑は精神の習慣性を破るものであり、それは知性の優越を現している。確実なもの、つまり目的は形成されたものであるが、原理は不確実な根源であり、懐疑はその根源へ関連づけることで確実なものを導く方法である。懐疑によって形成された人生は確実なものである。

虚栄について

虚栄は人間的自然の中の最も普遍的で固有な性質である。人間の生活は実体のないものでありフィクショナルなものである。つまり、人生はフィクション=小説である。人生の実在性は物的なものではなく、小説の実在性と同等で、実体のない人生がどうやって実在性を持つかということが根本問題となる。

人間的なパッションはヴァニティ=虚無から生まれ、その現象において虚栄的である。人間的創造は虚無の実在性を証明するためにある。虚栄によって滅亡しないために、人は毎日の生活において虚栄的であることが必要であり、それが人生の知恵である。

虚無の実在性を証明する創造的な生活によって虚栄をなくすことができる。創造はフィクションを作ることであり、フィクションの実在性を証明することである。

名誉心について

どんなに厳格な人も名誉心を放棄しないだろう。ストイックというのは名誉心と虚栄心を区別して、後者に誘惑されない人のことである。虚栄心は社会を対象にするが名誉心は自己を対象にし、名誉心は自己の品位についての自覚である。ストイックは本質的に個人主義者であるが、その品位が名誉心に基づく場合、その人はよき意味における個人主義者である。

人間の条件について

自己は虚無の中に浮く一つの点である。生命は虚無ではなく、虚無はむしろ人間の条件である。生命とは虚無を搔き集める力であり、虚無からの形成力である。虚無の集積によって作られものが虚無ではない。

私は自己は世界の要素と同等なものには分解されず、世界の異なるものとしてあると考える。世界が人間の条件であることによって虚無はそのアプリオリである。世界のものは、虚無であるものとして人間の条件である。

虚無は人間の条件あるいは人間の条件であるものの条件なので、人生は形成であるといことが導き出される。自己は形成であり、人間は形成されたものであり、世界も形成されたものであるから、それは人間の生命にとって現実的に意味のある環境となる。

生命は関係でも関係の和でも積でもなく、虚無から形成された「形」である。古代哲学は実体概念いよって思考し、近代哲学は関係概念または機能概念によって思考したが、新しい思考はそれら二つの総合として「形の思考」でなければならない。

現代人はアノニムなだけはないアモルフな無限定な世界に住んでいる。テクノロジーや交通の発展はすべてのものを関係づけ実体的なものを分解し、かえってそれを厳密に限定した。しかし、現代の世界は限定され尽くされた結果、形としてはかえって無限定なものになっていて、それが現代人の無性格につながっている。

孤独について

孤独には美的な誘惑があり、味わいがある。孤独の中のより高い倫理的意義に達することが重要である。

孤独によって私は対象の世界を全体として超えている。孤独な時、人は物から滅ぼされはしない。孤独を知らない時、人は物において滅ぶ。

瞑想について

瞑想は甘美であり、人はそれを欲する。

魅力的な思索は瞑想のミスティックで形而上学的なものに基づいている。すべての思想は、本来、甘いものである。

瞑想は甘美なものであるから人を誘惑する。だから、真の宗教はミスティシズムに反対する。瞑想がその甘さに誘惑される時、それは夢想か空想になる。

利己主義について

私たちの生活の原則はgive and takeであり、意識的でなければ利己主義者にはなれない。利己主義者は自分の自意識に苦しめられる。

実証主義は本質的に非常であり、その果てが虚無主義である。利己主義者は中途半端な実証主義者であり、自覚のない虚無主義者である。利己的であることと実証的であることは自己弁護のため、他社攻撃のため入れ替えられる。

利己主義者は期待しない人間で、信用もしない人間なので、常に猜疑心に苦しめられる。

すべての人間が利己的だとする社会契約説は、想像力のない合理主義が生み出した。社会の基礎は契約ではなく期待であり、期待の魔術的拘束力によって社会は構築される。

秩序について

一見、無秩序に見えるものの中にこそ秩序は存在し、外見的なものよりも心の秩序が大切であり、そこには温かさと生命の存在がある。

秩序は常に経済的なものであり、最小の費用で最大の効率をあげるという経済原則は秩序の原則でもある。節約は秩序尊重の一つの形式であり、大きな教養そして宗教的な敬虔に近づく。節約は倫理的な意味も持ち、無秩序は多くの場合浪費から起こる。心の秩序は金銭の使用にも関連する。

心の秩序は知識だけではんく、能力=技術の問題である。このことが理解され、その能力や技術が獲得されなければならない。ソクラテスは技術の比喩を用いて徳は心の秩序だと言った。

道具技術から機械技術への変革のようなものが道徳の領域にも要求される。「作ることによって知る」という近代科学の実証的精神が、道徳においても必要である。

仮説について

生活は事実であり、経験的なものであるが、思想には常に仮想的なところがある。考えるということは生活の一部分であるが、それが生活から区別されるのは考えるということの中に「仮説的に考える」ということが本質的に存在するからである。

確実なものは不確実なものによって生まれるが、その逆ではない。確実なものは形成されるものであり、この形成する力が仮説である。

人生も仮説的なものであり、それはそれが虚無につながるためである。人々はそれぞれの仮説を証明するため産まれてくる。だから人生は実験である。人生は小説家の創作行動に類似し、その仮説は単なる思惟ではなく、構想力あるいはフィクションを作る力に属する。論理的意味でなく存在論的意味において人生の仮説は不定なもの、可能的なものである。人間の存在は虚無を条件とするだけはなく虚無と混合されている。その仮説の証明は小説と同じように創造的形成=実験でなければならない。

常識を思想から区別するのは、それには仮説的なところがないことである。常識はすでにある「信仰」であり、信念はいらない。

娯楽について

生活を楽しむことを知らねければならない。それが「生活術」であり、技術であり、徳である。生活の技術によって、どこまでも生活の中にいて生活を超えることによって生活を楽しむことが可能になる。

娯楽は、他の仕方における生活である。かつては宗教的なものと祭りだけが娯楽であった。近代的生活の分裂から娯楽の観念が生じた。生活の一部分であるはずの娯楽が生活と対立させられている。近代的生活は非人間的になったが、その生活に苦痛を感じる人が求める娯楽も非人間的なものでしかない。

祭りは他面の秩序であったが、現在では生活と娯楽は対立している。その根源に現代の秩序の思想の欠如がある。

パスカルは、より高い秩序から見ると、生活のあらゆる行為は、真面目な仕事も道楽も全て余技でしかないと考えた。この思想に回帰することが生活と娯楽の対立を払拭するために必要である。娯楽の概念の基礎にも形而上学がなければならない。

現代の文化の堕落の原因の一つが、文化に対する専門外の娯楽的な接し方であるといえる。現代の教養の欠陥は、教養が専門とは別の娯楽の形式によって求められることが原因となっている。「娯楽を専門とする人」が出現し、純粋な娯楽が作られ、娯楽は生活から離れてしまった。そして、一般人にとって娯楽は参加するものではなく、ただ外から見て享楽するものになった。

しかし、本来は、娯楽が生活になり生活が娯楽にならなければならない。それらが人格的統一をもたらす必要があり、生活を楽しむこと=幸福がその際の根本概念でなければならない。娯楽が芸術になり、生活が芸術にならなければならず、また、生活の技術は生活の芸術でなければならない。娯楽は生活の中にあって生活のスタイルを作るものである。娯楽はただ消費的・享楽的なものではなく、生産的・創造的でものでなければならず、単に見て楽しむだけではなく、自分で作ることによって楽しむことが大切である。

体操とスポーツだけは生理に働きかける「健全な娯楽」であり、私は娯楽の中でそれだけは信用できる。それは身体ではなく精神の衛生である必要がある。

生活を楽しむ人はリアリストで、技術のリアリズムを持っていなければならない。本当に生活を楽しむには、生活において発明的で、特に新しい生活意欲を発明することが重要である。それができる人はディレッタントとは区別される創造的な芸術家である。

希望について

運命というものの符号を逆にしたものが希望である。人生は運命であり、希望でもある。人間は運命的な存在なので生きているということが希望を持っているということである。

生きることは「形成する」ということであり、希望は生命の形成力である。我々の存在は希望によって完成へ向かう。希望による形成は無からの形成という面があり、運命とはこの無ではないか?希望は無から生じるイデーによる力である。

旅について

旅に出るということは、日常の生活環境や習慣的な関係や行動から逃れることである。旅の嬉しさとはこの解放の嬉しさである。人生から脱出するために旅に出る人もいる。なので、旅の対象は自然や自然的生活となる。旅は人々に漂泊の感情を抱かせる。そこに旅の感傷がある。

漂白の感情は移動の感情であるが、むしろそれは宿に落ち着いた時に感じられる。短距離の一泊の旅であっても人はその「遠さ」の感情を味わう。旅の心は遥かであり、この遥けさが旅を旅にするのである。旅の中で人は浪漫的になり、また浪漫とは遠さの感情である。

旅は絶えず過程であり、その途中を味わうことができない人は真の旅の面白さを知らない。私たちは日常生活では常に到達点や結果のみを問題とするが、そこから脱出する旅は本質的に観想的なものであり、それが旅の特色である。人生に対する旅の意義はそこにある。旅において人々は純粋に「見る人」になることができ、日常の既知のものや自明のものとして前提にしていたものに対して新しい驚異や好奇心を感じる。旅は経験であり、教育でもある。

「どこからどこへ」ということは人生の根本問題であり、人生は未知のものへの漂白である。「どこへ行くか」という問いは、「どこから来たか」を問わせる。過去に対する配慮は未来に対する配慮から生じる。漂泊の旅はノスタルジアを伴うのと同様に人生の行路は遠く感じるが、だからこそ人は夢見ることや想像をやめないだろう。観想によって、旅は人生を味わわせる。そして、距離や長さに関係なく旅で出会うのは自分自身である。旅は人生そのものの姿である。

旅の真の自由は「ものにおいて」の自由であり、動即静あるいは静即動に徹した人だけが真に旅を味わうことができる。その人は人生においても真に自由な人である。人生が凝縮されたものが旅である。

商品詳細

人生論ノート 他二篇
三木清
KADOKAWA、東京、2017年3月25日
648円、304ページ
ISBN: 9784044002824

人生論ノート
語られざる哲学
幼き者のために
解説 岸見一郎

Note | Horned Owl Spreads Its Wings Only With the Falling of the Dusk (Haruki Murakami A Long, Long Interview) by Haruki Murakami & Mieko Kawakami, Shinchosha, 2017

Information of the Book

Outline and Style

Key Elements

magic touch: Kind of a reality in literature or of writings created by reconstruction of some elements and stories through a mind of an author. (1)

translation: (1. )

voice: écriture of writings. (1)

first person pronoun

 two-story basement (2)

‘caving’ (2)

bat

good stories, bad stories (2)

Summaries, Keywords and Memoirs

Introduction (Mieko Kawakami)

Motoyuki Shibata; Novelist as a Proffestion; Mitsuo Aida; well; magic touch; now and here; owl of Minerva

1 Great Percussionists Don’t Clap The Most Important Note

Kobe; earthquake; Blind Willow, Sleeping Women; New Zealand

Novelist as a Profession; translation; Is Novelists Friendly Persons?; outsider; professional ethics; common sense

‘Metaphor is a difference to visualize mean’. cabinet; James Joyce; successes of accidents; 1Q84; Aomame; Mugiatama; metaphor; Raymond Chandler; A Wild Sheep Chase; sheep man

first person pronoun;third person pronoun; novelette; long novel; boku; J. D. Salinger; The Catcher in the Rye; Kafka on the Shore; the Great Gatzby; factor of I-Novel

story and self; Flaubert; Madame Bobary; unusual; political correctness; women; ‘piles of hypothesis’

A true reality is beyond realities. To write only reality don’t become a true reality. It must have gaps or differences. It’s fiction. It’s a vividly paraphrased reality. readers; internal reading; ‘penetrating a wall’; Wind-up Bird Chronicle; World End and Hard-boiled Wonderland; Men without Women; Doctor Tokai

Murakami don’t like conflicts among egos in daily life by Japanese I-Novel novelists. He is interested in to seek a proper story in his mind, and bring it out, then look at the things built by it. It’s a problem of ‘voice’. The voice intensified by unconsciousness, has deep overtones or harmonics. To make story said by Murakami is processes go though materials through unconsciousness. ego (self); ordinary conflict of ego; voice (tone); Alfred Birnbaum; Jay Rubin; Phillip Gabriel; Ted Goossen; Underground; reconstruction; ‘magic touch’; technique; rhythm

Murakami create the voice of a novel resonates the voice of readers by rewriting many many times. taste of something; rhythm of writing; rewiting; sound; reaction; spontaneity; concentration; music; jazz; free improvisation; classical music; over there

Hear the Wind SIng; Pinball, 1973; reading books; wonder (suprise); candar (frankness); person suitable for become famous; Norwegian Nood; usual man

Buraiha (Decadent School); Shinjuku Golden Street; Kenji Nakagami; Ryu Murakami; Jyunnosuke Yoshiyuki; Ginza; John Coltrane; literature clan; themeism; pure literature; Nakamuraya

insane; adrenaline; Raymond Carver

Murakami took a way of ‘detouchment’ by his anger to the consummation of words by the New Left Wing activists. nuclear power station; social affairs; observation; detouchment; deep commitment; consummation of words; social statements; idealism; analysis; explanation

Kurt Vonnegut; Richard Brautigan; Waseda University; Syouyou Tsubouchi Award; only child; deepness of commitment

Yoshinobu Araki; The New York Times Magazine; Seiji Ozawa; jazz club; Aoyama; Humphrey Bogard

2. Matter in a Two-Story Basement

Killing Commendatore; Mozart; title; Colorless Tsukuba Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage; wonder; incompatibility; Akinari Ueda; Spring Rain Stories; starting points; waiting time; Raymond Chandler; Philip Marlowe; boku; watashi; moving

To write novel is to fight for something. The concept of ‘evil’ in Murakami’s novels had changed. His disappointment for the student movement in 1968 to 1969 reached a distrust for superficial words and expressions and a kind of escape to society as ‘Hear the Wind Sing’. Now he think to fight for evil in the vast information society he needs to touch the evil inside himself. evil; Little People; tatal evil; repose of souls; fight for something; 1968 or 1969; Tokyo Subway sarin attack; Aum Shinrikyo

All of events in the world seems to be reciprocally robbing of ‘our (collective) unconsciousness’ by stories. differenciation; modern ego; two-story basement; self-help; Donald Trump; Hilary Clinton; Twitter; good story ; multilayered story; bad story; easy story; Hayao Kawai; Nazi Germany; shadow in a mind

Murakami thinks making good stories has value but it’s rare. The distinction between ‘good stories’ or ‘bad stories’ is a role of time. ‘Bad stories’ can’t deceive a lot of people for a long time. ancient space; the Place of Haruki Murakami; ‘caving’; way of telling story; écriture; trust; familiarity; ‘caving style’; Adolf Hitler; Shoukoh Asahara; game; programming; Glenn Gould; separation

  • Wittgenstein’s language game

bat; Crete Kanou; Chehofu; dramatrugie;themeism; myth (mythology); the Bible; Greek Mythology; Takamura Onono; Magic Realism; awakening; realism style; artist type; ‘literary retreat’; Dance, Dance, Dance

no plan; interpretation; totality (whole of something)

power of (the) place; transcendental being; drawer(s); cabinet

matapher; Drive My Car; ordinary, free and neutral man; plot-in-person; Marcel Proust

credit transaction; to attach time to my side; Salinger; the Catcher int the Rye; John Lennon; Mark Chapman; risk (danger); Abbie Hoffman;

Murakami doesn’t have an interest to describe modern ego in the ‘first basement’. The act was exhausted by novelists and he think it is ineffective for current novelists. Junnosuke Yoshiyuki; Nobuo Kohima; Syotaro Yasuoka; Jyunzo Shouno; pressure; ego; self; The Third Generation Postwar Writers; Kurt Vonnegut; Richard Brautigan; In Watermelon Sugar; modern ego

‘be-involved in style’; neutral being; strange stories; upright stories; attitude for receiving; Franz Kafka; The Castle; The Trial; The Metamorphosis; Charles Dickens; Oliver Twist; Sean Connery; James Bond; hypothesis past; hypothesis being; Miss Mumiyoshi; jealousy

Mr Menshiki; the man without face; the man of white Subaru Forester; alter ego; inexplainable character; generator; Cinnamon Akasaka; 70%

Platon; idea; evil idea; matapohr; platonism; Carl Gustav Jung; image of letters; sound of words; Marvin Gay; Ain’t Nothing Like the Real Thing

like shrine maiden (sorceress); medium; power receives something; spiritualist; spontenous; divination

character; feeling of solidity; Sohseki Natsume; Jack London; Martin Eden; positiveness; positive ending; happy end; Joseph Conrad; Lord Jim; catharsis; prologue; post-history; To draw oil painting and to write novel are same as to create work, although just technical points are different. So Murakami can write processes of oil painting only by his imagination in Killing Commendatore. exchange

motif; well; to get back things I lost; act of cure; alternative self; another possibility

3. Night I Can’t Sleep is Rare, The Same as a Fat Postman

Great Gatsby; Jay Gatsby; tranlation; Long Goodbye; Jorge Borges; self-imitating; rhythm; sound (echo); Sputnik, Sweetheart; casual sentences use many mataphors

écriture; Norwegian Wood; a little longer novel; experiment; detail; paraphrase; Movie is total art, there are actors, a director, a playwright, cameras and a budget. But as for novel, Murakami can write it only by himself from beginning to the end. It’s the greatest pleasure for him. You can write novel anyway by a desk, papers and pens only. He can write anything he want and can be responsible for everything of a novel, he love this characteristic of novel. movie (cinema); Beruf

Haida; Terry Lennox; male principle; Grace Paley; prehistory;posthistory; age 54; reality; childhood; the man of white Subaru Forester; There are things can’t be explained in a novel. They can be explained as a novel but can’t be explained as a meaning in analysis (by literary critics). But novelist have to accomplish to write them. intuition (instinct); accuracy of text; ‘To know oneself’ for novelist is the experiences of to brush up text itself. Gorky; The Lower Depth; drama; metapher; Anyway I don’t write a text readers may skip over easily. Orson Wells; Citizen Kane

Kenji Nakagami; Ryu Murakami; écriture (literary style); translation style; I can’t teach how to live, the same, it’s difficult to teach how to write. Soseki Natsume; Kokoro

Naoya Shiga; Junichiro Tanizaki; Yasunari Kawabata; Junnosuke Yoshiyuki; Saiichi Maruya; ’Style is an index of the mind.; index; J. D. Salinger; The Catcher in the Rye; Franny and Zooey; style consiouss; Fitzgerald; Dostoïevslki; structure

female characters; Shoko Akikawa; Marie Akikawa; May Kasahara; Carson McCullers; the Members of the Wedding

obsession; sexual element; reflective element; differenciation; interface; Murakami thinks he doesn’t write the inside of characters deeply, but he write connections to the world (interface) of characters. feminism; Women have the function differ to men’s. So, in Murakami’s novels, women lead a narrative to a different place.

TV People; Sleeping; Anna Karénine; Wataru Menshiki; Shoko Akikawa; Tony Takitani

The Andersen Award; analysis; Murakami don’t like ‘analysis’. The consequence is incorrect when a factor were changed. It’s important to accept facts or stories as they are. Joseph Conrad; shadow

4. If There Were No Papers, But People Would Talk Over

(…)

After the Interviews

(…)

Product Details

Horned Owl Spreads Its Wings Only With the Falling of the Dusk (Haruki Murakami A Long, Long Interview)

Haruki Murakami & Mieko Kawakami

Shinchosha, Tokyo, 27 April 2017

345 pages, JPY 1620

ISBN 978-4103534341
Contents:

  • Introduction (Mieko Kawakami)
  • 1 Great Percussionists Don’t Clap The Most Important Note
  • 2 Matter in a Two-Story Basement
  • 3 Night I Can’t Sleep is Rare, The Same as a Fat Postman
  • 4 Without Papers, Men Will Hand Down
  • After the Interviews (Haruki Murakami)

Related Posts and Pages

Summary | Novelist as a Profession

Note (EN) | Horned Owl Spreads Its Wings Only With the Falling of the Dusk (Haruki Murakami A Long, Long Interview) with Mieko Kawakami

Note (EN) | Hear the Wind Sing

Note (EN) | Pinball, 1973

Note (EN) | A Wild Sheep Chase

Book Review | Killing Commendatore

Note (EN) | Killing Commendatore, Book 1

Note (EN) | Killing Commendatore, Book 2

Timeline of Haruki Murakami

Keywords of Haruki Murakami

Works of Haruki Murakami

Literature / littérature / Literatur Page

YouTube Haruki Murakami Commentary Playlist

YouTube Literature & Philosophy Channel

Note | Killing Commendatore, Book 2: The Moving Metaphor by Haruki Murakami, Shinchosha, 2017

Information of the Book

Killing Commendatore is the 14th long novel by Haruki Murakami.

Outline and Style

A story of 36 years old male portrait specialized painter. The style is a reminiscence by the man.

Book 2 consists of 32 chapters. The chapters are attached titles of a vague passage.

Characters

Painter (‘I’)

: A portrait specialized painter. Graduated from an art collage.

Yuzu

: Former painter’s wife. Younger than him 3 years. Have a architecture licence and worked at a small architecture office. A classmate of my former girlfriend. The painter fell in love with her at first sight, because she resembles his younger sister. She married with him two times. The interval (live separately to him) was 9 months, and he lived in the valley. When he was 36 years old,

Wataru Menshiki

: A successful IT business entrepreneur. 54 years old well-dressed good-build mysterious man with a curled long white hair. ‘Information buisiness’

Marie Akikawa:

A 13 years old, small, quiet and mysterious girl. A student of the art course run by the painter near the Odawara station, and Mr. Menshiki thought that she is a danger between him and his ex-lover.

Shoko Akikawa

An age 40s elegant, educated woman has big breasts. The aunt of Marie Akikawa. (Older sister of the mother of Marie.) During the paintings of the portrait of Marie, she read a covered thick paparback always in the living room of the painter’s house. She unexpectedly fall in love with Wataru Menshiki.

Masahiko Amada

Tomohiko Amada (40)

Mother of Marie Akikawa (33)

Tsuguhiko Amada (36, 37)

Yoshinobu Akikawa (39)

Colleague of Masahiko Amada (42)

: Yuzu’s lover.

‘Long Face’ (51, 52)

The man without face (53, 54)

Donna Anna (54, 55)

Muro (64)

: A daughter between Yuzu and the painter or lover of Yuzu.

Locations

Upper part of the mountain near the entrance of a narrow valley

: The place where the painter stayed. The former atelier of Tomohiko Amada in the suburban Odawara city. The painter actually borrow from Masahiko Amada of the reason of worry about theft and fire.

Culture shool in the front of Odawara station

: The painter was introduced there by Masahiko Amada. He taught dessin and water colour on Wednesday and Friday.

Mr Menshiki’s house

: A big elegant white house.

A Small Shrine

Hole Under the Small Shrine

Metaphor path (52, )

Key Elements

‘Killing Commendatore’

: A painting work by Tomohiko Amada. It was painted a violent scene of the Asuka era. A young man thrusts the breast of a old man by a heavy sword. A young women a male servant see this duel. And the strange man sees the scene from a hole of the left lower edge part of the painting.

Bell like an Ancient Instrument (15 -)

: buddhist instrument

portrait of Mr. Menshiki (, 18, 19)

The portrait of white Subaru Forester (20, 22, )

portrait of Marie Akikawa

painting of the hole in a bush

binoculars of Mr. Menshiki

penguin amulet (figure) (46, 47)

kitchen knife of Masahiko Amada

double metaphor (55)

Summaries and Memoirs

33. I Like Things We Can See The Same As Things We Can’t See

Next Sunday, Marie and Shoko Akikawa visited the house of the painter again. The painter said ‘Canvas is only a plain tableau but picture should be painted as “three-dimensional”’. time, Converse; dessin; croquis; training

  • ‘Three-dimensional’ the painter said means ‘meaningful’ and ‘of much substance’.

During the painting, again, Shoko Akikawa read a covered thick paperback. The painter began to draw a portrait of Marie, but he can’t grasp her particularity and context to draw the canvas. So they talked about her family and his dead sister. three-dimensional; story; one straight line; scent of summer

Marie looked incomplete the portrait of the man of white Subaru Forester, and said ‘this picture has sufficient power already’. vice

Then Marie looked Killing Commendatore, and said ‘I like this picture. It appeals something, and lead us anywhere where we can decide neither right nor wrong’.

stock of memory; time

When they backed to the living room, Shoko Akikawa was reading the thick paperback still. She said ‘I have a superstition. If I tell the title of a book which I read, I wouldn’t finish reading the book, somehow’. The painter suggested he cook something and have a dinner together. Then they had a dinner of simple pasta and salad. superstition; handiwork; intellectuel play; Jaguar; Toyota Prius

34. I See, Recently, I Don’t Measure An Air Pressure

Mr. Menshiki visited the painter’s house suddenly. He was shaken up, because Marie Akikawa was in the house. When the painter try to introduce Marie and Shoko to Menshiki, but Menshiki went out and he measured the air pressure of his car, was being upset. Then the painter introduced Mr. Menshiki to Shoko and Marie in the living room. They talked together, but Menshiki can’t look Marie straight in the face. Mr. Menshiki said the portrait of him drew by the painter is ‘not a so-called portrait, it’s a painting drew by a profound view’. So Marie said ‘I wanna see it’, and Menshiki introduced Marie and Shoko to his house. portrait

In the front of the house, Mr. Menshiki and Shoko talked about his newest Jaguar coupé and cars. Shoko asked that she can test drive his car, and Menshiki allowed it. She enjoyed the sound and feeling of Jaguar. After the left of Marie and Akikawa, Menshiki and the painter talked about the impression of Marie in the living room. newest Jaguar coupé; Jaguar XJ6 Series 3; Toyota Prius; salade niçoise; odor; E type; roadster; Charlie Mingus; Ray Brown; impression as a picture; objective fact; meaning or the life

direction sense; magnetic force

35. You Should the Place Remain As It Were

At the night, Marie Akikawa suddenly visited the house of the painter. They talked about the small shrine and Marie said ‘the place should remain as it were’. Marie told that Mr. Menshiki conceals anything in his heart, his strange eyes have an intentionality always. And she told ‘teacher, I’m glad to your painting my portrait’. Cleveland Indians; Immanuel Kant; Königsberg; ‘Es ist Gut’; visual memory; strange eye; presentiment

Marie said ‘I heard the sound of bell from the small shrine’. The painter went to the studio, and the bell was vanished.

36. You Must Not Talk Together About The Rule of The Game

scotch whisky

The following morning, the painter went to the small shrine, and meditated in the hole. He thought the hole thinks and is living, and felt his thought and hole’s are confused. There’s the feeling of the world of after death.

  • The hole of small shrine is the same of the well as symbol in other Murakami’s works.

The day, he felt that he want to draw something in the studio. He drew a painting of the hole. The painter looked the painting like a female genitalia by the ‘Freud’s interpretation’. Freud; Richard Strauss; Der Rosenlavalier; George Solti

The painter and 41 years old woman talked about ‘the game’ they play. And she said ‘I want we won’t talk about the rule of the game’. a kind of game; courtesy (manner); trust; respect

  • The ‘game’ they mentioned is apparently implied or signified Wittgenstein’s language game. To shut up about the rule is an important thing of the language game. Also Murakami mentioned the language game in some his essays.

The evening, Mr. Menshiki called the painter, and told the past of Tomohiko Amada in Vienna according to the Anschluss and the Kristallnacht, and about his younger brother Tsuguhiko Amada. He fought as a soldier in Nanjing 1938 (he would commit the Nanjing massacre) and committed suicid soon after his discharge. Gestapo; Nazi Germany; Anschluss; Kristallnacht; Hitler; Resistance; Spanish Civil War; Guernica; the Roongdo bridge accident; the Nanjing massacre; German-Japan Defence Agreement (Antikominternpakt); the Tokyo Music School; Tokyo Art University

The painter and Masahiko Amada talked by telephone. Aso; Yotsuya; old Jaguar

37. There’s a Positive Side in Whatever Things

The painter visited the company of Masahiko Amada. They taleked about Tomohiko and Tsuguhiko Amada, and about golf. Odawara; Tokyo; Shibuya; Yotsuya; Aoyama; Perrier; Haryana; Zushi; consience; sanctuary; spirit; power of will; the Pacific War; Chopin; Debussy; Hangzhou; pipe organ; traum; fragile; Yangtze River; Mauthausen; Gestapo; Munich Agreement; Berlin; Tokyo;

38. Because of That, I Can’t Become a Dolphin

idea; process; imagination;

On Sunday, Marie and Shoko Akikawa visited again to paint the portrait of Marie. Missoni; Converse; third person’s element

a form; complex of light and darkness; intercourse; memory; Van Gogh; collective memory;

pleasant fatigue;

Mr. Menshiki visited the house to pick up Marie and Shoko. Mr. Menshiki said ‘To be drawn a portrait is like to be robbed a soul’, but Marie denied his opinion and said there’s a intercourse. act of art

The idea ‘Commendatore’ appeared in the front of the painter. And he said idea needs energy as perception by other, so he is omnipotent because man can’t stop thinking. concept of time; habit; energy; dolphin; neutral idea; E=mc2; atomic bomb; Hiroshima; Nagasaki; caveat emptor;

  • Philosophy of Zen or Spinoza

will;

39. A Camouflaged Case Made for a Specific Aim

After the go home of Marie and Shoko, the painter and Mr. Menshiki talked about Marie and his father Yoshinobu Akikawa. accident; Trojan horse; egoistic; Jaguar E Type; old Meissen; strange feeling; transitional being; the World War 2; India; reincarnation; whiskey; single malt; Scotland; Islay isle; Prince of Weals; Jura isle; George Orwell; 1984; caveat emptor; Olive; George Solti; Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra; strategy (preparation); laziness; ego;

40. I Can’t Make For the Face

The midnight, the painter woke up by a loud crash noise. He went to the studio and see the spirit of Tomohiko Amada.

41. Only When I Don’t Look Back

The painter met the ‘real spirit’ of Tomohiko Amada in the studio. He only gazed his own work Killing Commendatore with his strong concentration. gohst; spirit; phantom;

spirit; life; Izu;

Toyota Corolla Wagon; silver Jaguar;

/

42. Dropped On the Floor and Cracked, It’s a Egg

Glico Pockey; Captain Achab;

The painter continued to paint the portrait of Marie Akikawa and the painting of the hole everyday. realism;

Chivas Regal; a total narrative;record

black Volvo wagon; Itoh; sashimi; Tokyo;

The painter and Masahiko Amada talked about Tomohiko, paintings of the painter and Yuzu. Masahiko told ‘Yuzu’s lover is his colleague and she is pregnant now’. egg; courtesy; Captain Achab;

Izu;

43. It Shouldn’t End in Only a Dream

Tohoku; Hokkaido; Aomori; Hakodate; Shimokita Peninsula; sexual dream

The painter remembered a real sexual dream he saw in an unpopulated hotel of Aomori, in which he had a hard sex with sleeping Yuzu.

He thought he had a sex with Yuzu really.

The same time, Yuzu had been pregnant. So, the painter thought Yuzu was been pregnant by him.  indigenous chaos

Jane Austin; Dostoïevski; Demos; Kirillov; Russia; freedom; idiocy

reality; unreality; interconnection; succubus

44. Like a Characteristic a Man Is the Man

The painter drew the portrait of Marie Akikawa again. secret sign of my self

Marie and the painter promised they met there in the evening. gohst

In the evening, Marie visited the painter’s house and talked about Mr. Menshiki. square box; lunch box from Sweden; friend; military binoculars; unusual power

  • Amada’s black old Volvo wagon is a metapher of coffin?

Next, they talked about the small shrine.

Chevas Regal

45. Anything Will Happen

The painter completed the painting of the hole. own will and claim; un line divides uncompleted and completed; will; intention; record

  • The hall is the same as the symbol of well in other Murakami’s works.

Before the work of the culture school, the painter shopped second-hand records and ate a soba with tempura. After the work, Shoko Akikawa called him and tolled Marie was vanished. Odawara; Starbucks; deep black coffee; Billy Holiday; Clifford Brown; Bob Dylan; Nashville Skyline; Alabama Song; the Doors; Bruce Springsteen; the River; Roberta Flack; Donny Hathaway; soba with tempura

In the studio, the painter looked his own paintings, and he thought anything has triggered by the complete of the painting of the hole. The painter called Mr. Menshiki and asked him to come here.

46. A High Strong Wall Make Men Powerless

The painter and Mr Menshiki went to the small shrine. omnious prediction; spirituality

Mr. Menshiki got into the hale and found a penguin figure probably Marie Akikawa laid there. the Berlin Wall; wall; 3m; the Tokyo Jail; ministry system; Spanish; Turkish; Chinese; trial; penguin figure; sign of innocence

47. Today is Friday, isn’t it?

Shoko Akikawa called the painter and she said Marie had the figure for a cell phone strap. donut shop

  • Donut is the important metaphor in Murakami’s works. It signifies the entrance to the alter (alien) world.

The painter and Mr. Menshiki talked about the mean of the penguin amulet of Marie Akikawa and why she put it on bottom of the hale. Beethoven; violin sonata; George Klekamp; Wilhelm Kemp; Richard Strauss; concerto for oboe

The commendatore appeared in the front of the painter. world of humans; time; space; probability; blood should be shed; public language; private language

  • Philosophy of language by Wittgenstein

48. Spanishes Didn’t Know How to Sail the Offshore of Ireland

Armada; Elizabeth l; Felipe ll

Mr Menshiki confessed he fell in love with Shoko Akikawa and they had became a intimate relationship. equation;velocity; motive; mere vancancy; man of emptiness; T. S. Eliot; hollow men

Masahiko Amada called the painter and he suggested go to Izu to see his father Tomohiko with him. Izu; Tomei Highway; Catholic

In his car, Masahiko told women’s faces are different left to right and women have two personalities. Amagi plateau; Izu plateau; senility; hit songs of 80’s; Duran Duran; Huey Louis; ABC; Look of Love; FM radio; Google; Mac (Macintosh); Bertie Higgins; Key Largo; Batman; Two Face; Scott Fitzgerald; paranoïa

  • Amada’s talk resembles a famous Murakami’s metapher line divides left and right.

Richard Strauss; Beethoven’s symphony; Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra; blank (emptiness); Deborah Harry; French Kissin in the USA; Rayban

49. It’s Full with Same Numbers of Deaths as It

On the way to the hospital, the painter saw the man of white Subaru Forester at a family restaurant. sandwich; wthite Subaru Forester; tadpoles

The painter and Masahiko Amada arrived a hospital Tomohiko Amada was then hospital. Masahiko and the painter talked about Yuzu, her pregnancy and her lover. white Honda minivan; dark bleu Audi sedan; Bananarama; Manazuru Penninshula; Fiji

They arrived the room hospitalized Tomohiko. Tomohiko awoke. The painter tried to talk to Tomohiko. Tomohiko seemed to be reacted by the words ‘horned owl’, ‘loft’ and ‘safekeeping of paintings’. The mobile phone of Masahiko rang and he left to answer, so the painter and Tomohiko was left in the room. horned owl

50. It Demands a Sacrifice and a Trial

The Commendatore emerged. And he said he knew where Marie Akikawa was, to help out her demands not a few sacrifice and trial and the painter need to kill the Commendatore. sympathey; quiz; sacrifice; trial

51. Now’s the Time (Here Comes)

The Commendatore said a set of reaction caused by his death leads the painter to a place Marie stay. set of reactions; Point Blank; Lee Marvin; Don Giovanni; allegory; returning (loop)

The painter and the Commendatore talked about the past of Tomohiko Amada. Nazi; Gestapo; Battle of Nanjing; helplessness; hopelessness (despair)

The consciousness of Tomohiko Amada temporary returned by his all of capacities. And the Commendatore said ‘you must kill me during his consciousness returns’. cause and result; destiny

The painter thrusted the Commendatore by Masahiko’s kitchen knife to kill. The idea Commendatore died as a symbolic act but the blood shed and the physical body killed in a reality. Tomohiko Amada watched it and he returned to a coma state. evil father; physical body; symbolic act

52. A Man Wears An Orange Triangle Hat

The ‘Long Face’ emerged on the corner of the room and he seemed to watch the incident. The painter tied the Long Face on the bed foot to not to set free him. And he questioned about where Marie is and who the Long Face is. He answered he is a metaphor, he came from the ‘metaphor path’ and in there dangerous living thing ‘double metaphors’ live. Then the painter went in to the metaphor path. Asuka Era; Pacific Ocean; Atsugi Base; Maritime Self-Defensive Force; relativeness between phenomenon and expression; the world moved by relativeness; sacrifice; trial

53. It Must Be a Fire Hook

The painter continued to walk in the metaphor path. That is a barren colourless world created by metaphor of people. Then he reached a pier and found a tall man standed there. cheese toast; black coffee; Decca; metaphor; simile; Beethoven; Symphony No. 7; Winner Waltz; sweet Sachertorte; Hakenkreuz; unconsciouness

  • The metaphor path resembles the underground world the Dark Blacks live in ‘Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World’.

54. Eternity is A Very Long Time

The man had no face. His had head but his face is blank. He said ‘you want to cross this river you should pay a alternative’. So the painter gave the penguin figure of Marie as a transfer fee to the man without face. alternative; eternity

They reached the opposite shore. And the man said ‘There’s no need of direction or way. Your acts bring relativeness matches them’. verge between being and null; relativeness

The painter started to walk on the opposite land. There’s no senses of time and direction. Then he reached woods. In the woods he felt he was watched by many eyes. The eyes made by his fear and suspicion. Walked long time, he saw a point of light from far away. He want through the woods and reached very high cliff and found a cave like the wind hole of Mt. Fuji. He entered the cave and realized the point light is a cantera. Under the light, a lady was standing. She is a draughtier of the Commendatore in Mozart’s Don Giovannni, Donna Anna. sense; time; derection; consciousness

55. It Obviously Contradicts The Principle

In the cave, Donna Anna told the painter that he should enter the hole. The hole resembles the hole Komichi entered in the wind hole of Mr. Fuji, their childhood, but it is bigger. He entered the hole and healed voice of Komichi. She said ‘Go.’ And ‘Remember the things you think nostalgic and concrete things’. He penetrated the narrow space by he abdicated reason and thought all things are metaphor and relative things. things like that; outcome by relativeness; light is the metaphor of shadow; shadow is the metaphor of light; the best metaphor; alter new reality; double metaphor; Yonex; Peugeot 205

  • Semiology, Structuralism
  • Sigmund Freud

He was thrown out to a wide space. Then he realized he was in the hole of small shrine (in the real world). And there’s the bell like an Ancient instrument.

56. There Should be Blanks We Must Fill In

The hole was shut up by anyone. time

  • Philosophy of Bergson

He reflected he can only ring the bell in the hole, and he do it. air; love; idea

  • The description in this clause resembles the experience of Sgt. Mamiya in a well at Nomonhan in Wind-up Bird Chronicle.

He felt the time he seemed as eternity passed, someone opened the cap of the hole. Mr. Menshiki opened the cap and said ‘Are you all right?’. Menshiki told Marie got back home safely. The painter realized three days passed in the metaphor path. In the painter’s house, Mr. Menshiki made a perfect omelette and talked about happenings of three days. time; connection to himself; eternity; rain; logical

57. The Thing I Should Do Someday

/

questions; facts; real world

40 years old girlfriend called the painter and she said they wouldn’t meet again. indication

/

58. It’s Like I Hear a Story of a Beautiful Canal on Mars

The painter called Masahiko Amada, and apologized and explained his vanishment. Hitchcock; Social Ethics

Sapporo Bier

The painter called Yuzu and they made appointment at the evening of next Monday. Go-go’s; Chablis

Shoko Akikawa called the painter and told that Marie was safe and said nothing her vanishing, so Shoko asked the painter to meet and talk with Marie. Bruce Springsteen; The River; Independence Day; Hungry Heart; Lubber Soul; Pet Sounds; E Street Band; Cadillac Ranch

Shoko called again and told she and Marie would visit at 15:00 that day.

59. Until the Death Divides the Two Persons

The painter asked Shoko to leave only him and Marie because it was good for Marie. Shoko left the house during two hours. The painter talked about the painting Killing Commendatore, the hole at the small shrine, the idea Commendatore, the metaphor path, the man of white Subaru Forester and ‘double metaphor’, and Marie was only hearing. Marie answered she met the Commendatore and she had seen Tomohiko Amada was painting pictures. Then they sealed the paintings Killing Commendatore and the man.of white Subaru Forester and concealed them to the attic. horned owl; wisdom of forest

60. If the Person Had a Very Long Arm

She accounted for she was in Menshiki’s house. She sneaked into the house to know his personality by her curiosity, but she can’t escape from there during three days.

In the house, Marie found out many old women’s clothes. (The clothes are her mother’s.) Raiders of the Lost Ark; Indiana Jones; hornet; Steinway grand piano; Bach; invention; Mozart; Piano Sonatas; Chopin; Apple; hobbits of Rhine River

61. You Must Be A Courageous And Wise Girl

(…)

62. It Had A Taste Like A Deep Maze

(…)

63. But It Is Not the Thing You Think

(…)

64. As a Form of Grace

(…)

Analyses and Remarks

Details of the Book

Killing Commendatore, Book 2: The Moving Metaphor
Haruki Murakami
Sinchosha, Tokyo, 24 February 2017
544 pages
ISBN: 9784103534334

Related Posts and Pages

Note (EN) | Killing Commendatore, Book 1

Book Review | Killing Commendatore

Summary | Novelist as a Profession

Note (EN) | Novelist as a Vocation

Note (EN) Horned Owl Spreads Its Wings Only With the Falling of the Dusk (Haruki Murakami A Long, Long Interview) with Mieko Kawakami

Timeline of Haruki Murakami

Works of Haruki Murakami

Literature / littérature / Literatur Page

YouTube Haruki Murakami Commentary Playlist

YouTube Literature & Philosophy Channel