Overview
George Gershwin (1898–1937) was an American composer and pianist whose music blends classical traditions with jazz, popular music, and the rhythms of modern life. He is best known for his innovative contributions to both classical and popular music, making him one of the most significant and versatile composers of the 20th century.
Early Life:
Gershwin was born Jacob Gershowitz in Brooklyn, New York, to Russian-Jewish immigrant parents.
He showed a natural talent for music from an early age, though he initially preferred popular music and began working as a “song plugger” (a person who promoted sheet music) in New York’s Tin Pan Alley.
Career Highlights:
Popular Songs and Broadway:
Gershwin wrote many songs for Broadway musicals, often in collaboration with his older brother, lyricist Ira Gershwin.
Hits include “Someone to Watch Over Me”, “Embraceable You”, and “I Got Rhythm”.
His Broadway musicals include Lady Be Good (1924), Funny Face (1927), and Girl Crazy (1930).
“Rhapsody in Blue” (1924):
Gershwin’s first major success in classical music, blending jazz and orchestral styles.
Premiered by Paul Whiteman’s orchestra, it remains a cornerstone of American concert music.
“An American in Paris” (1928):
A symphonic tone poem evoking the energy and atmosphere of Paris.
Known for its jazzy themes and innovative use of everyday sounds like taxi horns.
“Porgy and Bess” (1935):
A groundbreaking “American folk opera” based on DuBose Heyward’s novel Porgy.
Incorporates African-American spirituals, blues, and jazz into a classical opera format.
Famous songs include “Summertime” and “It Ain’t Necessarily So”.
Film Work:
Gershwin also composed music for Hollywood, including Shall We Dance (1937), starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers.
Style and Innovations:
Gershwin was a pioneer in merging jazz with classical forms, creating a uniquely American sound.
His works reflect his time’s energy, optimism, and complexity, bridging high art and popular culture.
Death and Legacy:
Gershwin died tragically young at 38 from a brain tumor.
Despite his short life, his music remains timeless, celebrated for its innovation, accessibility, and ability to capture the spirit of an era.
History
George Gershwin’s life is a story of extraordinary talent, ambition, and innovation. Born Jacob Gershowitz on September 26, 1898, in Brooklyn, New York, to Russian-Jewish immigrant parents, he grew up in a working-class household with little exposure to music. That changed when his family purchased a piano for his older brother, Ira. To everyone’s surprise, it was George, not Ira, who gravitated to the instrument, teaching himself to play by ear and showing an innate gift for melody and rhythm.
As a teenager, Gershwin began formal piano lessons and quickly progressed, studying under Charles Hambitzer, who introduced him to European classical music. At 15, he left school to work as a “song plugger” in New York’s Tin Pan Alley, where his job was to demonstrate new sheet music to potential buyers. Immersed in the bustling world of popular music, he developed his skills as a composer and began writing his own songs.
Gershwin’s breakthrough came in 1919 with the song “Swanee,” popularized by singer Al Jolson. It became a massive hit, launching Gershwin’s career as a songwriter. Over the next decade, he collaborated with Ira, producing a string of successful Broadway musicals. Their works, marked by sophisticated lyrics and unforgettable melodies, captured the spirit of the Jazz Age. Songs like “Someone to Watch Over Me,” “I Got Rhythm,” and “Embraceable You” became instant classics.
Gershwin’s ambitions extended beyond popular music. In 1924, he composed Rhapsody in Blue, a groundbreaking work that fused jazz and classical music. Its premiere, performed by Gershwin on piano, was a sensation, solidifying his reputation as a serious composer. This success encouraged him to explore classical forms further, leading to works like An American in Paris (1928) and the Concerto in F (1925).
Despite his achievements in concert music, Gershwin never abandoned the stage. His most ambitious project was Porgy and Bess (1935), an “American folk opera” set in a fictional African-American community in the South. Blending elements of jazz, spirituals, and classical music, it was initially met with mixed reviews but later recognized as one of the greatest American operas.
In the mid-1930s, Gershwin moved to Hollywood, where he wrote music for films, expanding his influence even further. However, his career was cut tragically short. In 1937, Gershwin began experiencing severe headaches and other symptoms, which were diagnosed as a brain tumor. He died on July 11, 1937, at the age of 38, leaving behind a body of work that continues to inspire musicians and audiences around the world.
Gershwin’s legacy lies in his ability to bridge the worlds of classical and popular music, creating a distinctly American sound. His music, with its irresistible melodies and rhythmic vitality, reflects the vibrancy and optimism of early 20th-century America.
Chronology
1898: Born Jacob Gershowitz on September 26 in Brooklyn, New York.
1910: Began playing piano at age 12 when his family bought a piano.
1914: Left school to work as a “song plugger” in Tin Pan Alley.
1919: Achieved his first major hit with the song “Swanee,” performed by Al Jolson.
1924: Composed Rhapsody in Blue, blending jazz and classical music, which became an iconic piece.
1925: Premiered Concerto in F, his first classical piano concerto.
1928: Completed An American in Paris, a symphonic tone poem inspired by his time in France.
1930s: Worked on numerous Broadway musicals with his brother Ira, producing classics like Girl Crazy (“I Got Rhythm”) and Of Thee I Sing.
1935: Premiered Porgy and Bess, an “American folk opera” featuring “Summertime.”
1936–1937: Moved to Hollywood, composing music for films like Shall We Dance with Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers.
1937: Died on July 11 from a brain tumor at the age of 38.
Characteristics of Music
George Gershwin’s music is celebrated for its distinctive blend of styles, reflecting his ability to bridge the worlds of classical music, jazz, and popular song. Here are the key characteristics of his music:
1. Fusion of Jazz and Classical Elements
Gershwin pioneered the integration of jazz’s syncopation, blue notes, and improvisatory feel into classical structures.
Works like Rhapsody in Blue and Concerto in F showcase his ability to blend jazz harmonies and rhythms with the grandeur of orchestral music.
2. Memorable Melodies
His music is characterized by instantly recognizable and singable melodies.
Songs like “Summertime”, “I Got Rhythm”, and “Embraceable You” have become timeless standards.
3. Rhythmic Vitality
Gershwin’s music often features dynamic and energetic rhythms, inspired by jazz and the dance styles of his time.
Pieces like An American in Paris incorporate syncopation and rhythmic drive, creating a sense of motion and modernity.
4. Sophisticated Harmony
Gershwin used rich, chromatic harmonies that were influenced by both European classical traditions and jazz idioms.
He often incorporated extended chords (such as ninths and thirteenths) and unexpected modulations.
5. Emotional Range
Gershwin’s music captures a wide spectrum of emotions, from the exuberance of “I Got Rhythm” to the poignant melancholy of “The Man I Love”.
His ability to express both joy and introspection is a hallmark of his work.
6. Urban Modernity
Gershwin’s compositions reflect the energy and complexity of urban life in early 20th-century America.
Works like Rhapsody in Blue evoke the bustling atmosphere of cities like New York.
7. Use of American Musical Idioms
Gershwin infused his music with distinctly American sounds, drawing from jazz, blues, spirituals, and folk traditions.
Porgy and Bess is a prime example, incorporating African-American spirituals and blues within an operatic framework.
8. Experimentation with Form
Gershwin often adapted classical forms like the concerto, tone poem, and opera, infusing them with contemporary musical elements.
An American in Paris and Rhapsody in Blue demonstrate his innovative approach to form and structure.
9. Accessibility
Despite his sophisticated techniques, Gershwin’s music remains accessible and appealing to a wide audience.
His works seamlessly combine artistic depth with popular appeal, making them enduringly relevant.
Impacts & Influences
George Gershwin had a profound impact on both American music and global music culture. His innovative blending of classical traditions with jazz and popular music reshaped the boundaries of 20th-century composition and influenced generations of musicians, composers, and performers. Below are the key impacts and influences of Gershwin:
1. Bridging Classical and Popular Music
Gershwin’s ability to merge classical forms with popular and jazz idioms made his music accessible to a broad audience while maintaining artistic depth.
Works like Rhapsody in Blue and Concerto in F legitimized jazz as a serious art form within the concert hall, paving the way for future collaborations between classical and popular styles.
2. Defining an “American Sound”
Gershwin’s compositions reflect the vibrancy and diversity of early 20th-century American culture.
By incorporating jazz, blues, and folk elements into his works, he helped establish a distinctly American musical identity, inspiring composers like Aaron Copland and Leonard Bernstein to explore similar themes.
3. Elevating Broadway Music
Alongside his brother, Ira Gershwin, George raised the artistic level of Broadway musicals, combining sophisticated lyrics with innovative music.
His musicals (Girl Crazy, Of Thee I Sing, Funny Face) influenced the development of musical theater and served as a model for later composers such as Richard Rodgers and Stephen Sondheim.
4. Influence on Jazz and Popular Music
Gershwin’s use of jazz harmonies and rhythms influenced jazz musicians, including Duke Ellington and Miles Davis, who admired his ability to seamlessly integrate jazz into orchestral music.
His songs became jazz standards, interpreted and recorded by countless artists like Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Sinatra, and Louis Armstrong.
5. Cultural Representation and Inclusivity
Through works like Porgy and Bess, Gershwin brought African-American cultural expressions, such as blues and spirituals, into the mainstream. While controversial at the time, it demonstrated his respect and admiration for African-American musical traditions.
Porgy and Bess has become a landmark of American opera and continues to influence discussions about race and representation in music.
6. Inspiration for Film Music
Gershwin’s work in Hollywood, including Shall We Dance and other film scores, set a precedent for blending classical and popular styles in cinematic music.
His lush orchestrations and memorable melodies influenced early film composers like Max Steiner and later giants such as John Williams.
7. Global Reach
Gershwin’s works gained international acclaim, introducing jazz and American music to audiences worldwide.
Composers like Maurice Ravel and Igor Stravinsky admired his music, with Ravel even advising Gershwin not to study with him for fear of altering his unique style.
8. Inspiration for Future Composers
Gershwin’s synthesis of styles inspired many later composers to experiment with genre-blurring music, including Leonard Bernstein (West Side Story), George Shearing, and Michael Tilson Thomas.
His ability to create music that was both innovative and popular continues to serve as a model for contemporary composers.
9. Legacy in Education and Performance
Gershwin’s music remains a staple in both classical and jazz education, with pieces like Rhapsody in Blue and Summertime frequently performed and studied.
His works are performed in concert halls, opera houses, and jazz clubs, ensuring their ongoing relevance.
10. Cultural Symbol of the Jazz Age
Gershwin became a cultural icon of the 1920s and 1930s, symbolizing the optimism, creativity, and modernity of the Jazz Age.
His music encapsulates the spirit of a rapidly changing America, resonating with listeners across generations.
Gershwin’s Influence on Jazz & His Jazz Standards
George Gershwin had a significant and lasting influence on jazz, both through his compositional style and the way his works became integral to the jazz repertoire. Here’s an overview of his contributions and how his music became jazz standards:
Gershwin’s Influence on Jazz
Fusion of Jazz and Classical Music:
Gershwin’s compositions bridged jazz and classical traditions, legitimizing jazz as a sophisticated art form.
Works like Rhapsody in Blue and Concerto in F introduced jazz harmonies, rhythms, and melodic phrasing into orchestral music, inspiring jazz musicians to explore more complex forms and structures.
Jazz-Inspired Rhythms and Harmonies:
Gershwin’s use of syncopation, blue notes, and swing rhythms reflected the essence of jazz.
His harmonic language, featuring extended chords and chromatic progressions, influenced jazz pianists and composers such as Duke Ellington and Thelonious Monk.
Improvisatory Qualities:
Many of Gershwin’s melodies lend themselves to improvisation, a cornerstone of jazz.
His compositions often feel like written-out improvisations, giving jazz musicians a framework to interpret and expand upon.
Collaborations with Jazz Artists:
Gershwin worked with prominent jazz musicians of his time, including Paul Whiteman and his orchestra, who premiered Rhapsody in Blue.
His engagement with jazz musicians helped shape his understanding of the genre and its integration into his works.
Gershwin Compositions as Jazz Standards
Several of Gershwin’s songs have become staples of the jazz repertoire, interpreted and reimagined by countless jazz artists. Here are some notable examples:
“Summertime” (Porgy and Bess):
One of the most recorded songs in history, with interpretations by artists like Louis Armstrong, Ella Fitzgerald, Miles Davis, and Billie Holiday.
Its blues-inflected melody and simple harmonic progression make it a favorite for jazz improvisation.
“I Got Rhythm” (Girl Crazy):
The chord progression of this song, known as “Rhythm Changes,” became a foundational structure for countless jazz compositions and improvisations.
Jazz greats like Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie built bebop on Gershwin’s harmonic innovations.
“The Man I Love”:
A ballad that became a favorite for vocalists and instrumentalists alike, recorded by Billie Holiday, Sarah Vaughan, and Art Tatum.
Its expressive melody and lush harmonies offer rich possibilities for interpretation.
“Embraceable You”:
A timeless standard recorded by Nat King Cole, Frank Sinatra, and Charlie Parker.
Its sentimental melody and sophisticated harmony make it a jazz favorite.
“But Not for Me” (Girl Crazy):
Frequently performed by jazz vocalists and instrumentalists, it’s known for its witty lyrics and memorable tune.
“Fascinating Rhythm” (Lady Be Good):
Its complex rhythmic structure has inspired jazz musicians to experiment with syncopation and swing.
“They Can’t Take That Away from Me” (Shall We Dance):
A classic often recorded by jazz singers, including Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong, known for its poignant melody and romantic lyrics.
Jazz Artists and Gershwin
Jazz legends such as Miles Davis, Oscar Peterson, Ella Fitzgerald, and John Coltrane have all recorded Gershwin’s works.
Ella Fitzgerald’s Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Song Book (1959), arranged by Nelson Riddle, remains a definitive interpretation of Gershwin’s songs in a jazz context.
Miles Davis’s Porgy and Bess (1958), arranged by Gil Evans, transformed the opera into a jazz masterpiece.
Lasting Legacy
Gershwin’s ability to craft melodies that are both emotionally resonant and rhythmically compelling has ensured his music’s place in the jazz canon. His works continue to inspire jazz musicians to explore the intersection of composed and improvised music, bridging genres and generations.
Relationships
George Gershwin had direct relationships with many influential composers, musicians, orchestras, and other key figures in his lifetime. These relationships shaped his music and career while also inspiring or influencing others. Below is an overview of his notable connections:
Composers and Musicians
Paul Whiteman (Bandleader and Conductor)
Whiteman commissioned Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue, which premiered in 1924 with Whiteman’s orchestra and Gershwin at the piano.
Their collaboration helped bridge jazz and classical music, showcasing Gershwin’s talents to a broader audience.
Maurice Ravel (French Composer)
Gershwin admired Ravel’s music and sought lessons from him during his time in Paris.
Ravel famously declined, reportedly saying, “Why become a second-rate Ravel when you’re already a first-rate Gershwin?”
Ravel’s harmonic language influenced Gershwin’s orchestral works, such as An American in Paris.
Igor Stravinsky (Russian Composer)
Gershwin met Stravinsky in the 1920s and admired his work.
When Gershwin asked to study with Stravinsky, the composer humorously asked how much Gershwin earned. Upon hearing the figure, Stravinsky joked, “Perhaps I should study with you!”
Arnold Schoenberg (Austrian Composer)
Schoenberg and Gershwin became friends in Los Angeles in the 1930s.
Despite their stylistic differences, Gershwin respected Schoenberg’s work, and Schoenberg admired Gershwin’s melodic gift.
Oscar Levant (Pianist and Composer)
Levant was a close friend of Gershwin and one of his greatest interpreters.
He frequently performed Gershwin’s works and wrote extensively about their friendship.
Duke Ellington (Jazz Composer and Bandleader)
Gershwin and Ellington admired each other’s work, with Gershwin attending Ellington’s performances.
Ellington considered Gershwin’s work an important contribution to the integration of jazz into the concert hall.
Collaborators and Performers
Ira Gershwin (Lyricist and Brother)
Ira was Gershwin’s primary collaborator, writing the lyrics for most of his songs and musicals.
Together, they created iconic works like Funny Face, Girl Crazy, and Porgy and Bess.
Al Jolson (Singer)
Jolson popularized Gershwin’s first major hit, Swanee (1919), bringing Gershwin national fame.
Fred Astaire (Singer, Dancer, and Actor)
Astaire starred in several musicals featuring Gershwin’s songs, including Funny Face and Shall We Dance.
Gershwin tailored many songs for Astaire’s unique talents.
Ella Fitzgerald (Jazz Vocalist)
While they did not work together directly, Fitzgerald’s definitive recordings of Gershwin’s music in Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Song Book helped cement his legacy.
Billie Holiday and Louis Armstrong (Jazz Icons)
Both recorded memorable versions of Gershwin’s songs, especially from Porgy and Bess, like “Summertime.”
Arturo Toscanini (Conductor)
Toscanini conducted Gershwin’s works, including Rhapsody in Blue, lending prestige to his compositions in the classical world.
Orchestras and Ensembles
New York Symphony Orchestra (Now New York Philharmonic)
Gershwin performed his Concerto in F with this orchestra under the direction of Walter Damrosch in 1925.
Boston Symphony Orchestra
The BSO performed Gershwin’s works, such as An American in Paris, helping to elevate his status in classical music.
Broadway Pit Orchestras
Gershwin’s Broadway musicals involved collaborations with pit orchestras, where his music set new standards for the genre.
Non-Musicians
DuBose Heyward (Author and Playwright)
Heyward wrote the novel Porgy, which inspired Gershwin to create Porgy and Bess.
Heyward also contributed to the libretto, shaping the opera’s narrative.
Max Dreyfus (Music Publisher)
Dreyfus at T. B. Harms & Co. published Gershwin’s early songs and championed his career.
Kay Swift (Composer and Romantic Partner)
Swift was a close companion of Gershwin and influenced his personal and professional life.
Gershwin valued her musical opinions, and she was instrumental in completing some of his projects after his death.
Adele and Fred Astaire (Broadway Stars)
Adele and Fred Astaire performed Gershwin’s music in early Broadway productions, helping establish his popularity.
Hollywood Studio Executives
In the 1930s, Gershwin worked with major studios like RKO, composing film scores for musicals like Shall We Dance.
Legacy Connections
After Gershwin’s death, his music continued to influence classical, jazz, and Broadway composers, including Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim, and John Williams.
Jazz musicians like Miles Davis and Gil Evans reinterpreted Gershwin’s works (Porgy and Bess), keeping his legacy alive in new forms.
Relationship between Gershwin & Ravel
The relationship between George Gershwin and Maurice Ravel was rooted in mutual respect, and their brief interaction led to an interesting exchange of ideas between two composers from different musical traditions. Here’s a summary of their relationship:
1. Meeting and Mutual Admiration
Gershwin’s Visit to Ravel in Paris (1928):
In the summer of 1928, Gershwin traveled to Paris to deepen his musical understanding and improve his compositional skills. One of his key motivations for visiting was to study with Maurice Ravel, a renowned French composer and master of orchestration.
Gershwin, who had already composed Rhapsody in Blue and was a prominent figure in American music, sought Ravel’s guidance, particularly regarding orchestration and refining his classical music approach.
Ravel’s Response:
Gershwin approached Ravel to inquire about taking lessons. Ravel, who was known to be a somewhat enigmatic and private person, is said to have been flattered but also somewhat hesitant. He reportedly told Gershwin that he didn’t need lessons, as Gershwin was already highly talented, but Ravel could offer some advice if Gershwin desired it.
Gershwin, undeterred, went to Ravel’s apartment, and although no formal lessons took place, the meeting was an important exchange. Gershwin learned valuable insights about harmony and orchestration from Ravel, though Gershwin’s own style remained distinctively American, while Ravel’s was rooted in the European classical tradition.
2. Influence of Ravel on Gershwin
Orchestration Techniques:
Gershwin, who had a more intuitive approach to orchestration, was particularly interested in Ravel’s mastery of orchestral color. Gershwin admired Ravel’s ability to create rich textures and was influenced by his refined orchestral palette.
While Gershwin did not adopt Ravel’s style wholesale, he may have been inspired by Ravel’s approach to blending jazz and classical elements, which echoed Gershwin’s own fusion of popular music and classical forms.
Potential Influence of Gershwin on Ravel:
There is some speculation that Gershwin’s style, particularly his blend of jazz with classical elements, may have intrigued Ravel. Some music historians have noted that Ravel’s composition “La Valse” (1920), with its swirling dance rhythms and use of jazz-like orchestration, might reflect an awareness of American musical trends.
However, Ravel’s music remained firmly rooted in French Impressionism and classical traditions, so the direct influence of Gershwin on Ravel is harder to define.
3. Musical Sympathies
Both composers shared an ability to blend popular music with classical music, though their methods were quite different:
Gershwin was primarily interested in integrating jazz and American popular music with classical structures, as seen in works like Rhapsody in Blue and An American in Paris.
Ravel, on the other hand, was more focused on capturing exoticism, impressionistic color, and meticulous orchestration, as exemplified in pieces like Boléro and Daphnis et Chloé.
Although they came from different musical worlds, their meeting demonstrated the creative intersections between European classical music and American jazz, paving the way for future composers who sought to blend genres.
4. Legacy and Continuing Influence
Gershwin and Ravel both made indelible marks on music in the 20th century. While Gershwin’s music represents a uniquely American sound, often drawing from the rhythms and melodies of jazz, Ravel’s works embody a European refinement that incorporates jazz elements in a more subtle manner.
The brief connection between Gershwin and Ravel is seen as an interesting moment of cross-cultural exchange between two composers whose works would shape the evolution of classical music in the 20th century.
Conclusion
While the relationship between George Gershwin and Maurice Ravel may not have been deeply personal or extensive, their interaction was a notable cultural moment. Gershwin sought Ravel’s guidance for a more sophisticated understanding of composition, while Ravel, despite his reservations, likely recognized Gershwin’s potential and influence on the American music scene. Their exchange highlights the way in which European and American music traditions were beginning to converge in the early 20th century.
Similar Composers
George Gershwin’s unique ability to blend jazz, classical music, and popular styles has parallels with several other composers who explored similar musical territory. Here’s a list of composers whose works share characteristics or a comparable ethos with Gershwin:
American Composers
Aaron Copland (1900–1990)
Known for his distinctly American style, Copland blended jazz influences into works like Music for the Theater (1925) and Piano Concerto (1926).
Like Gershwin, he captured the spirit of early 20th-century America, albeit with a more classical focus.
Leonard Bernstein (1918–1990)
Bernstein carried Gershwin’s legacy forward by combining jazz, popular, and classical styles, particularly in West Side Story (1957) and Fancy Free (1944).
Both shared an interest in making “serious” music accessible to wider audiences.
Cole Porter (1891–1964)
A contemporary of Gershwin, Porter wrote sophisticated, jazz-infused songs and musicals, like Anything Goes and Kiss Me, Kate.
His wit and lyrical elegance align with Gershwin’s style in popular music.
Richard Rodgers (1902–1979)
Collaborated with Lorenz Hart and later Oscar Hammerstein II to create enduring musicals such as Oklahoma! and The Sound of Music.
Rodgers’ melodies and orchestral sensibility bear similarities to Gershwin’s Broadway work.
Duke Ellington (1899–1974)
Though primarily a jazz composer, Ellington’s orchestral works, like Black, Brown, and Beige and Harlem, show a comparable ambition to elevate jazz to the concert stage.
European Composers
Maurice Ravel (1875–1937)
Ravel’s jazz-inspired Piano Concerto in G Major (1931) reflects a similar fusion of classical and jazz idioms, influenced in part by Gershwin’s visit to Paris.
Both composers shared a love of rich harmonies and colorful orchestrations.
Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971)
Although more avant-garde, Stravinsky admired Gershwin’s ability to create compelling music from jazz and popular elements.
His Ragtime and Ebony Concerto show his interest in jazz influences.
Kurt Weill (1900–1950)
A German composer who blended classical forms with jazz and cabaret styles, particularly in works like The Threepenny Opera (1928) and Lady in the Dark (1941).
His theatrical music echoes Gershwin’s Broadway innovations.
Darius Milhaud (1892–1974)
A member of Les Six, Milhaud incorporated jazz elements into classical works, as seen in La Création du Monde (1923).
His adventurous fusion of genres parallels Gershwin’s style.
Jazz-Influenced Composers
Ferde Grofé (1892–1972)
Orchestrated Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue for Paul Whiteman’s orchestra.
Grofé’s works, such as Grand Canyon Suite, share a similar accessible, colorful orchestral style.
James P. Johnson (1894–1955)
A stride pianist and composer who blended jazz and classical influences, as seen in his Harlem Symphony and other works.
Johnson, like Gershwin, straddled the worlds of popular and “serious” music.
Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897–1957)
A film composer and classical prodigy, Korngold’s lush orchestration and melodic richness in works like The Adventures of Robin Hood evoke a Gershwin-like balance of sophistication and accessibility.
Composers of Musical Theater and Song
Jerome Kern (1885–1945)
Known for blending operetta and American popular song styles, as in Show Boat (1927).
Kern’s influence on Broadway paralleled Gershwin’s, with both contributing timeless standards.
Irving Berlin (1888–1989)
Like Gershwin, Berlin was a prolific songwriter who defined early 20th-century American popular music with songs like “White Christmas” and “God Bless America.”
Stephen Sondheim (1930–2021)
Though from a later generation, Sondheim’s intricate wordplay and sophisticated musical theater owe much to Gershwin and his contemporaries.
Film Composers
Max Steiner (1888–1971)
A pioneer of film music, Steiner’s lush scores (Gone with the Wind, Casablanca) reflect a melodicism similar to Gershwin’s.
George Shearing (1919–2011)
A jazz pianist and composer, Shearing’s arrangements of Gershwin’s music kept Gershwin’s spirit alive in jazz interpretations.
Gershwin’s ability to combine popular, jazz, and classical elements remains unmatched, but these composers share his vision of blending genres and elevating music for a broad audience.
As a Pianist and a Conductor
George Gershwin was renowned not only as a composer but also as an accomplished pianist and occasional conductor. While he did not focus primarily on conducting, his skills as a performer played a central role in his career and in the success of his music. Here’s an overview of Gershwin’s contributions and style as a player and conductor:
Gershwin as a Pianist
1. Virtuosity and Style
Gershwin was a brilliant pianist with a natural flair for improvisation and an unmistakable style rooted in jazz and classical traditions.
His playing was energetic, expressive, and rhythmically vibrant, often infused with syncopation and swing.
His piano technique, though not as classically refined as that of concert pianists, was powerful and perfectly suited to his own music. He played with a deep understanding of the jazz idiom and great showmanship.
2. Performer of His Own Works
Gershwin frequently performed his compositions, premiering major works like Rhapsody in Blue (1924) with Paul Whiteman’s orchestra. His improvised cadenza during the first performance became a hallmark of the piece.
He was often the soloist in performances of Concerto in F and Second Rhapsody, captivating audiences with his dynamic interpretations.
3. Master of Improvisation
Gershwin was a skilled improviser, a talent he honed during his early years as a song plugger in New York’s Tin Pan Alley.
His improvisations were not only entertaining but often a source of new compositional ideas.
4. Piano Rolls and Recordings
Gershwin recorded numerous piano rolls of his songs, which provide insight into his playing style. These rolls showcase his rhythmic vitality and unique phrasing.
Some of his notable piano rolls include Swanee, Fascinating Rhythm, and excerpts from Rhapsody in Blue.
He also made studio recordings, such as a 1925 performance of Rhapsody in Blue, where his robust and spirited playing is evident.
5. Chamber Music and Collaborations
Gershwin occasionally performed chamber music, collaborating with ensembles and individual musicians to present his works in more intimate settings.
His performances were often central to the success of his Broadway musicals and concert appearances.
Gershwin as a Conductor
1. Conducting His Own Works
Gershwin conducted his music on special occasions, particularly during the premieres of Broadway shows or for live radio broadcasts.
He was not a trained conductor, but his deep understanding of his own music and his charismatic personality made his conducting effective and engaging.
2. Limited Conducting Career
Gershwin’s primary focus was on composing and performing at the piano rather than conducting.
When conducting, he relied more on his intuition and intimate knowledge of the music than on formal technique.
3. Notable Conducting Appearances
Gershwin conducted Porgy and Bess during some of its initial performances and rehearsals, ensuring his vision for the opera was communicated.
He also conducted orchestras for special performances of his concert works, including excerpts from An American in Paris and Rhapsody in Blue.
Gershwin’s Presence as a Performer
Audiences were drawn to Gershwin’s vibrant stage presence and enthusiasm for his music. His performances were often described as joyful and deeply engaging.
His charm and skill as a performer enhanced his reputation, making him not just a composer but a beloved figure in the music world.
Legacy as a Performer
Gershwin’s abilities as a pianist and performer helped popularize his music and ensured its lasting appeal. His recordings and piano rolls remain a vital link to understanding how he envisioned his works.
His improvisational skill and fusion of classical and jazz techniques have inspired countless pianists, from Oscar Levant to modern performers like Michael Feinstein.
Rhapsody in Blue
“Rhapsody in Blue” is one of George Gershwin’s most famous and groundbreaking compositions, blending elements of classical music and jazz into a seamless and highly expressive work. Written in 1924, it is a landmark piece that symbolized the emerging cultural identity of 20th-century America, combining European art music traditions with the distinctly American sounds of jazz and blues.
History and Creation
Commission and Premiere:
The piece was commissioned by Paul Whiteman, a prominent bandleader, for a concert titled “An Experiment in Modern Music” at the Aeolian Hall in New York City on February 12, 1924.
Gershwin initially had no idea he was supposed to compose for the concert until he read a newspaper article announcing that he was writing a jazz concerto for the event. He quickly agreed to the project, completing the composition in just a few weeks.
Orchestration:
Gershwin composed the piano solo and melodies but left the orchestration to Ferde Grofé, Whiteman’s arranger, who adapted it for Whiteman’s jazz orchestra.
Grofé later created several arrangements, including versions for full symphony orchestra, which are commonly performed today.
Premiere Performance:
Gershwin himself played the piano solo at the premiere, improvising parts of the piece since some sections were not fully written down.
The performance received a mixed critical response but was an instant hit with the audience, marking a turning point in Gershwin’s career.
Musical Characteristics
Fusion of Styles:
Rhapsody in Blue is a pioneering work that merges jazz rhythms, bluesy harmonies, and the structure of classical music.
Its eclecticism reflects the bustling, multicultural energy of 1920s New York City.
Famous Opening Clarinet Glissando:
The iconic opening features a clarinet glissando (a swooping slide up the scale), which has become one of the most recognizable moments in 20th-century music. This effect was reportedly suggested by the clarinetist at the premiere as a joke, but Gershwin loved it and kept it.
Structure:
The piece is loosely structured, resembling a free-flowing rhapsody rather than adhering to strict classical forms like the sonata.
It has multiple sections with contrasting tempos and moods, often transitioning seamlessly between them. These sections feature jazzy syncopation, lush romantic harmonies, and energetic rhythmic drive.
Improvisatory Feel:
Although much of the piece is meticulously composed, it retains the spontaneous, improvisational spirit of jazz.
Gershwin’s own piano solo at the premiere featured improvisations, highlighting his jazz background.
Orchestration:
The original version for Whiteman’s jazz band has a more “big band” feel, while the later orchestral arrangements bring out a fuller, more symphonic texture.
Themes and Motifs
The work includes several memorable melodies and motifs, including:
The dreamy, flowing piano theme in the opening section.
A bold, rhythmic theme in the middle, often associated with urban energy and vitality.
A lush, lyrical theme reminiscent of the blues, which is prominently featured in the slower sections.
Cultural Impact
Jazz Meets Classical:
Rhapsody in Blue was one of the first major works to bring jazz into the concert hall, effectively bridging the gap between popular and classical music.
It demonstrated that jazz, then considered a relatively new and informal genre, could have the same emotional depth and artistic value as classical music.
Symbol of American Identity:
The piece became a musical symbol of America in the 1920s, reflecting the energy, diversity, and ambition of the country during the Jazz Age.
Legacy:
It has since become a staple of American music, frequently performed by symphony orchestras, jazz bands, and solo pianists.
The work is widely featured in popular culture, including films, commercials, and television (e.g., the 1979 movie Manhattan by Woody Allen).
Reception and Influence
Initially, critics were divided: some dismissed it as lacking cohesion, while others praised its innovation and boldness.
Over time, Rhapsody in Blue has been universally recognized as a masterpiece and a trailblazer for the fusion of genres.
Composers such as Leonard Bernstein and Aaron Copland were influenced by Gershwin’s ability to blend jazz and classical music.
Key Recordings
Gershwin’s own 1924 piano roll, which gives insight into his interpretation and improvisatory style.
A 1927 recording featuring Gershwin and Whiteman’s orchestra.
Modern recordings by pianists such as Leonard Bernstein (who both conducted and played) and André Previn have become definitive.
Porgy and Bess
“Porgy and Bess” is one of George Gershwin’s most significant and ambitious works, often described as an American opera. Premiering in 1935, it blends classical opera, jazz, blues, and folk music to tell the story of life in a Black community in Charleston, South Carolina. The opera explores themes of love, hardship, and resilience through the lives of its complex characters.
History and Creation
Development:
Gershwin was inspired to write Porgy and Bess after seeing the play Porgy by DuBose Heyward, which itself was based on Heyward’s 1927 novel.
Gershwin envisioned Porgy and Bess as an “American folk opera,” aiming to blend classical music with the rhythms, melodies, and spirit of African American folk music.
Gershwin spent time researching Black folk traditions, jazz, and the social conditions of the time to shape the opera’s music.
Collaborators:
DuBose Heyward and his wife, Dorothy Heyward, co-wrote the libretto, with DuBose also helping Gershwin with the character development and plot.
Ira Gershwin, George’s brother, contributed lyrics to many of the songs, particularly those with a more poetic or romantic nature.
Premiere and Reception:
The opera premiered at the Alvin Theatre (now the Neil Simon Theatre) on October 10, 1935, in New York City.
The premiere was a critical and commercial disappointment, with mixed reviews. Critics were divided on the authenticity of its portrayal of Black life and its fusion of classical and popular music. The opera also struggled to find a broad audience at first.
However, over time, Porgy and Bess has become one of the most beloved and frequently performed works in the American operatic and musical theater canon.
Musical Characteristics
Fusion of Genres:
Porgy and Bess blends opera, jazz, blues, spirituals, and folk music, combining elements of classical structure with popular music forms.
Gershwin used jazz influences in the orchestrations, adding elements like syncopation, brass riffs, and bluesy harmonies to create a unique sound that reflected the world of the characters.
Orchestration and Vocal Styles:
Gershwin employed a wide range of orchestral textures to evoke the atmosphere of the setting and the emotional lives of the characters.
The vocal writing includes operatic arias, but also more conversational and folk-like melodies, reflecting the community’s musical traditions.
The use of call-and-response structures, especially in the choral sections, gives the opera a sense of community and collective experience.
Memorable Songs and Themes:
“Summertime”: One of the most famous songs from Porgy and Bess, this lullaby is sung by Clara and captures the wistful, dreamy quality of the opera. It has become a jazz standard.
“I Got Plenty o’ Nuttin’”: A song sung by Porgy, expressing his contentment with life, despite his poverty.
“Bess, You Is My Woman Now”: A passionate duet between Porgy and Bess, illustrating their deep connection.
“It Ain’t Necessarily So”: A sardonic song sung by Sportin’ Life, challenging traditional religious beliefs and values.
“My Man’s Gone Now”: A sorrowful aria sung by Clara, reflecting the loss and despair in the community.
Plot Summary
Porgy and Bess is set in Catfish Row, a fictional, impoverished Black neighborhood in Charleston, South Carolina. The story centers around the complex relationship between Porgy, a disabled, kind-hearted man, and Bess, a woman with a troubled past. The opera is filled with both moments of joy and intense tragedy, as the characters face issues of love, addiction, violence, and social injustice.
Act I: Porgy, a beggar living in Catfish Row, falls in love with Bess, who is struggling to break free from her association with a violent man, Crown, and the manipulative drug dealer, Sportin’ Life. As Porgy and Bess grow closer, they try to navigate the challenges of their environment.
Act II: After Crown murders a man, the community is thrown into turmoil. Sportin’ Life tries to lure Bess into his world of drugs and pleasure, while Porgy and Bess’s love grows stronger.
Act III: Bess is tempted to leave Porgy for Sportin’ Life, but after Crown’s return and a final confrontation, she ultimately returns to Porgy, who is determined to help her escape the chaos of her past. The opera ends on a hopeful but bittersweet note as Porgy sets off for New York with Bess.
Themes and Social Context
Race and Identity: The opera explores themes of race, poverty, and identity, focusing on the struggles of Black characters in the early 20th-century American South.
Love and Redemption: The central love story between Porgy and Bess is a story of redemption, as Porgy offers Bess a chance to build a better life, despite the challenges that surround them.
Community and Conflict: The opera depicts the tight-knit yet fractured community of Catfish Row, highlighting both the support and the tensions that exist within it.
Legacy and Influence
Revival and Popularity: Over the years, Porgy and Bess has been revived many times, and its music has been embraced by both classical and jazz communities. The opera has been staged by major opera companies worldwide, and it has been adapted into a successful Broadway production, several films, and concert performances.
Jazz Influence: Many of the songs from Porgy and Bess have been covered by jazz musicians, including Miles Davis, Ella Fitzgerald, and Louis Armstrong, helping to ensure its place in both the operatic and jazz traditions.
Cultural Impact: Despite its rocky reception at the start, Porgy and Bess is now considered one of the most important American operas, with its portrayal of African American life, music, and culture widely recognized as groundbreaking and influential.
Key Recordings
The 1951 Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald recording of the Porgy and Bess highlights the jazz influence on the opera.
The New York Philharmonic’s 1976 recording conducted by Leonard Bernstein is one of the most celebrated performances of the opera.
Notable Works
George Gershwin’s output includes a wide variety of works beyond the well-known Rhapsody in Blue, Porgy and Bess, and Summertime. Here are some of his other notable compositions that reflect his versatility and influence across different musical genres:
1. An American in Paris (1928)
This orchestral piece captures the experience of an American tourist in Paris, blending the sounds of French street music with Gershwin’s characteristic jazzy rhythms and lush orchestral writing. The piece is famous for its vivid portrayal of urban life and its depiction of the American expatriate experience.
2. Concerto in F (1925)
Composed as a follow-up to Rhapsody in Blue, this piano concerto combines classical form with jazz elements. It features Gershwin’s lively rhythmic motifs, blues-inflected melodies, and sophisticated harmonies. The concerto has become a staple of the piano repertoire and is frequently performed by classical pianists.
3. Of Thee I Sing (1931)
A Broadway musical that won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, Of Thee I Sing is a political satire about the American presidential race. The musical blends Gershwin’s sophisticated melodies with humor and witty lyrics, exploring themes of patriotism, love, and government corruption. The work contains memorable songs like “Who Cares?” and “Love Is Sweeping the Country.”
4. Girl Crazy (1930)
This is a Broadway musical known for its catchy and upbeat tunes. The show features the famous song “I Got Rhythm,” which became one of Gershwin’s enduring standards. Girl Crazy is a lighthearted story set in the American West, with elements of slapstick comedy and romance.
5. The Strike Up the Band (1927)
A satirical Broadway musical about a fictional conflict between the U.S. and Switzerland, Strike Up the Band humorously addresses war, politics, and international relations. The title song became a well-known rallying cry, and the show features Gershwin’s vibrant, rhythm-driven compositions.
6. Shall We Dance (1937)
This is a Broadway musical and film collaboration with Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. It contains songs like “They Can’t Take That Away from Me” and “Shall We Dance.” The musical features Gershwin’s characteristic blend of jazz, classical, and popular styles, and is notable for its smooth integration of dance and music.
7. Cuban Overture (1932)
Originally composed as Rumba, this orchestral work is heavily influenced by Cuban rhythms and melodies. It was inspired by Gershwin’s trip to Havana, Cuba, and incorporates lively percussion and syncopated rhythms alongside lush orchestration. This piece reflects Gershwin’s fascination with various world music traditions.
8. Lullaby (1919)
A small, intimate chamber work for string quartet, Lullaby showcases Gershwin’s ability to write in a classical idiom. The piece is soothing and reflective, with a gentle melody that has become a favorite among performers and listeners alike.
9. Embraceable You (1928)
A popular song written for the Broadway musical Girl Crazy, this ballad has become one of Gershwin’s most beloved standards. Its sophisticated, smooth melody and heartfelt lyrics capture the romantic charm for which Gershwin’s ballads are known.
10. Rhapsody in Blue (1924)
Though not listed previously, it’s worth mentioning again as one of his most revolutionary works. While it is very well-known, the full impact and influence of Rhapsody in Blue can’t be overstated, as it was a landmark piece blending classical music with jazz.
11. Fascinating Rhythm (1924)
Written for the Broadway musical Lady, Be Good, this jazz-influenced song captures Gershwin’s rhythmic genius and became an iconic number. The piece’s syncopated rhythms and catchy melody made it a hit on Broadway and a favorite for jazz musicians.
Legacy and Influence
These works, along with Gershwin’s most famous compositions, highlight his ability to innovate across genres and combine classical and popular music in new and exciting ways. Whether it was through Broadway musicals, orchestral compositions, or jazz standards, Gershwin’s music remains integral to American music history and continues to influence musicians today.
(This article was generated by ChatGPT. And it’s just a reference document for discovering music you don’t know yet.)
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