Tag: anglais

Overview

Kenji Miyazawa (1896-1933) was a Japanese poet and author of children’s literature from Iwate Prefecture, though his work was largely unrecognized during his short lifetime. Today, he is considered one of Japan’s most important modern writers. His work is notable for its unique style, blending his deep knowledge of agriculture and natural science with his profound religious beliefs.

Key Themes and Style

Miyazawa’s poetry often focuses on the interdependence of all life. Drawing on his background as an agricultural scientist and his faith in Nichiren Buddhism, he created a vision where humanity and nature are inextricably linked. He wrote with an acute sense of observation, often transforming his local environment in Iwate—a region prone to natural disasters and crop failures—into a fantastical utopia he called “Ihatov.” His style is characterized by a “walking rhythm” and the use of onomatopoeia, creating a vibrant, aural experience for the reader. He also often incorporated scientific and foreign terms, such as Esperanto, into his work.

Notable Works

While he wrote prolifically, Miyazawa self-published only two books during his lifetime: the poetry collection Haru to Shura (Spring and Asura) and the children’s story collection Chumon no ooi ryoriten (The Restaurant of Many Orders). His most famous poem, “Ame ni mo Makezu” (Be not Defeated by the Rain), was found posthumously in his notebook. This poem, which has become a celebrated masterpiece, outlines the ideals of a compassionate and selfless individual. Other renowned works published after his death include the fantasy novel Ginga tetsudo no yoru (Night on the Galactic Railroad) and the poem “Departure on a Different Road” (also known as “The Parting”) written after his sister’s death.

History

Kenji Miyazawa’s poetic journey began in his youth, starting with the classical Japanese form of tanka as a schoolboy. By 1918, he had also begun writing children’s stories. His early experiences, particularly his studies in agricultural chemistry and his deep connection to the nature of his hometown of Iwate, heavily influenced his work. His poetry often reflected his scientific observations of the land and his deep compassion for the farmers who worked it.

In 1924, Miyazawa self-published his first and only poetry collection during his lifetime, Haru to Shura (Spring and Asura). This book was largely unnoticed at the time. A year later, he joined a poetry magazine coterie, but his work remained largely obscure to the public. He continued to write prolifically throughout his life, exploring themes of nature, science, and his Nichiren Buddhist beliefs.

The true history of his poetry’s recognition began after his death in 1933. His many unpublished poems and stories were discovered, including what would become his most famous work, the posthumously found poem “Ame ni mo Makezu” (“Be not Defeated by the Rain”). His works, infused with a vibrant linguistic sensibility and unfettered imagination, gradually began to gain a devoted following. Today, he is considered one of Japan’s most important modern writers, with his works being widely read and translated, and his poetry is seen as both a personal expression of his ideals and a powerful exploration of the interconnectedness of all life.

Chronology

Kenji Miyazawa’s life and work can be viewed through a series of key events. Born in 1896 in Hanamaki, Iwate Prefecture, he was the eldest son of a wealthy pawnbroker. As a young man, he studied agricultural chemistry at the Morioka Higher Agricultural and Forestry School, graduating in 1918. He remained at the school for two more years as a research student, focusing on soil science.

Early Career and Religious Conversion

Miyazawa’s writing career began in his early twenties, and he started composing both poetry and children’s stories around 1918. In 1921, he became a teacher at a local agricultural high school in Hanamaki. During this period, his younger sister, Toshi, became ill. After his return from a brief time in Tokyo to care for her, he continued to write prolifically. Her death in 1922 was a traumatic event for him and a major theme in his later works. In 1924, Miyazawa self-published his first and only poetry collection during his lifetime, Haru to Shura (Spring and Asura), along with a collection of children’s stories, The Restaurant of Many Orders. These works went largely unnoticed at the time.

Dedication to Farmers and Later Life

In 1926, Miyazawa resigned from his teaching position to dedicate himself to helping the impoverished farmers of his hometown. He lived simply, worked his own land, and founded the Rasuchijin Society, where he gave lectures on agricultural science and art to local farmers. His efforts to improve their lives were significant, earning him the affectionate nickname “Kenji, the bodhisattva.” However, his hard work and dedication took a toll on his health. He suffered from pleurisy and pneumonia, which left him largely bedridden. He had a brief recovery in 1931, during which he took a job with a rock-crushing company to help improve soil quality, but his illness returned. Miyazawa died on September 21, 1933, at the age of 37.

Posthumous Recognition

Miyazawa’s literary reputation soared after his death. His younger brother, Seiroku, painstakingly organized and preserved his vast collection of manuscripts. This led to the publication of the multi-volume Complete Works of Kenji Miyazawa in 1934, which included many of his most famous poems and stories, such as “Ame ni mo Makezu” (Be not Defeated by the Rain) and the fantasy novel Night on the Galactic Railroad. Over time, his work became a cherished part of Japanese literature, and he is now recognized as one of the country’s most important modern writers.

Characteristics of Poetry

Kenji Miyazawa’s poetry is characterized by a unique fusion of science, spirituality, and a deep love for nature. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he blended his background as an agricultural scientist with his devout Nichiren Buddhist beliefs to create a distinctive body of work. His poems often depict the natural world, particularly the landscapes of his native Iwate Prefecture, with a precision and reverence that stems from his scientific training.

Key Characteristics

Interconnectedness of All Life: A central theme is the belief that all things—humanity, animals, plants, and even rocks and stars—are fundamentally linked. His work often explores this idea of a cosmic and interconnected web of existence.

Scientific and Foreign Terminology: Miyazawa frequently used scientific terms like “pleochroism,” “asura,” and “carbon” alongside Japanese words. He also incorporated words from foreign languages, particularly Esperanto, to create a unique and often challenging vocabulary.

“Ihatov”: He created a fictionalized, utopian version of his home prefecture, Iwate, which he called “Ihatov” (a word derived from the Esperanto name for Iwate). This imaginary land served as the setting for much of his poetry and prose, allowing him to explore his ideals and vision for a harmonious world.

Onomatopoeia and Sound: Miyazawa’s poetry is known for its strong sense of rhythm and sound. He made extensive use of onomatopoeia, creating a vivid, aural experience that makes his work feel alive and dynamic.

Blend of Prose and Verse: Many of his poems blur the lines between free verse and prose, often taking on a narrative quality. This gives his work a conversational and immediate feel.

Posthumous Works: While he published only one poetry collection during his lifetime, most of his famous poems, including “Ame ni mo Makezu” (“Be not Defeated by the Rain”), were discovered and published after his death, solidifying his legacy.

Style(s), Genre(s), Theme(s) and Technique(s)

Kenji Miyazawa’s poetry is stylistically and thematically unique, drawing from his diverse interests and experiences. His work defies a single classification, but its characteristics can be broken down into several key areas.

Style & Form

Miyazawa’s poetry is written in a distinct style that blends various elements. His primary form is free verse, which was a departure from traditional Japanese poetic forms like tanka and haiku. His verses often have a “walking rhythm” and use extensive onomatopoeia, making them feel dynamic and alive. He also employed a wide range of vocabulary, including scientific terms (e.g., “pleochroism,” “asura”), foreign words, and even Esperanto, which he believed was a universal language. This created a rich, sometimes challenging, linguistic texture. His poems often take on the form of prose poems or narrative poetry, blurring the line between verse and storytelling.

Themes & Subjects

Miyazawa’s poetry is deeply influenced by his life as an agricultural scientist and his devotion to Nichiren Buddhism.

Nature and the Cosmos: He wrote extensively about the natural world, from the landscapes of his native Iwate Prefecture to the stars and planets. His poems often depict nature with scientific precision, but also with a sense of wonder and spirituality.

Interconnectedness of All Life: A central theme is the belief that all living things—and even inorganic matter—are fundamentally connected. His work frequently portrays this idea of a cosmic, interdependent web of existence.

Humanity and Compassion: Miyazawa’s poetry often expresses a profound sense of empathy for the suffering of others, particularly the poor farmers he worked with. His most famous poem, “Ame ni mo Makezu” (“Be not Defeated by the Rain”), is a testament to this, outlining the ideals of a compassionate and selfless individual.

Spirituality and Self-Struggle: Many of his poems reflect his personal spiritual struggles and his path toward enlightenment. His work often contains Buddhist imagery, and he saw poetry as a means of exploring the relationship between the self and the universe.

Movements & Periods

Miyazawa’s work doesn’t neatly fit into a single literary movement. While he was a contemporary of Japanese modernists, his unique blend of science, spirituality, and social activism sets him apart. His poetry is most often associated with the late Taishō and early Shōwa periods of Japanese history (1912-1945), a time of great social change and intellectual ferment.

Techniques

Miyazawa’s techniques are highly original. He used synesthesia to evoke a vivid sensory experience, blending sight and sound, and often gave a sense of geological time to his descriptions, as if the landscape itself were a living, evolving entity. His use of personification is also notable, as he gave a voice to animals, plants, and even the wind and rocks.

Impacts & Influences

Kenji Miyazawa’s impact on Japanese literature and culture is profound, especially considering he was largely unknown during his lifetime. His influence stems from his unique blend of science, nature, and spirituality, which has resonated with readers long after his death.

Literary and Cultural Impact

Miyazawa’s work, discovered and published posthumously, led to a boom in his popularity and solidified his reputation as one of Japan’s greatest modern writers. His influence can be seen in several areas:

Pioneering Environmentalism: Miyazawa’s emphasis on the interconnectedness of all life and the importance of living in harmony with nature was ahead of its time. His writings on the catastrophic effects of environmental destruction and his belief in a cosmic worldview have made him a celebrated figure for modern environmentalism.

Influence on Fantasy and Children’s Literature: His imaginative and fantastical worlds, like the one in his novel Night on the Galactic Railroad, have had a significant influence on Japanese fantasy writers and creators. Many of his children’s stories, such as Gauche the Cellist, are now staples in Japanese elementary school curricula.

Anime and Film Adaptations: Miyazawa’s works have been widely adapted into anime and films, introducing his stories to new generations and solidifying his place in popular culture. Notable adaptations include the film Night on the Galactic Railroad and Gauche the Cellist.

Symbol of Compassion: Miyazawa’s philosophy of selfless service and his commitment to helping others, as expressed in his famous poem “Ame ni mo Makezu” (“Be not Defeated by the Rain”), has made him a symbol of compassion and resilience. The poem has become a source of strength for many, particularly in the wake of national tragedies like the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, which affected his home region.

Philosophical and Intellectual Influence

Miyazawa’s intellectual legacy is as significant as his literary one. His writings embody a forward-thinking social vision.

Cosmopolitan Vision: Despite living a secluded life, Miyazawa was a cosmopolitan thinker. He incorporated scientific, foreign, and spiritual concepts into his work, believing in a universal, benevolent order. His ideals of communal happiness, famously expressed in the motto “Until all people are happy, there is no individual happiness,” are a major theme in his work and a guiding principle for many of his readers.

Spiritual and Personal Growth: His works often reflect his personal journey and spiritual struggles. This honest and intimate portrayal of self-improvement has had a lasting impact, as readers connect with his quest for a life of meaning and service.

Relationships with Poets

Kenji Miyazawa’s direct relationships with other poets were limited and largely one-sided during his lifetime, but his work later gained the admiration of two significant figures.

Shinpei Kusano: After Miyazawa self-published his poetry collection, Haru to Shura (Spring and Asura), in 1924, Shinpei Kusano was greatly impressed by it. Kusano later invited Miyazawa to join the poetry magazine coterie Dora (“Gong”), and his interest helped to introduce Miyazawa’s work to a wider literary circle.

Kōtarō Takamura: Takamura, a prominent poet and sculptor, was another admirer of Miyazawa’s work. He, along with Shinpei Kusano, was instrumental in bringing Miyazawa’s poetry to public attention after the writer’s death, helping to secure his posthumous reputation. Takamura is noted as a key figure in the selection of Miyazawa’s works for posthumous publication.

Relationships

Family

Miyazawa had a complex but significant relationship with his father, Masajirō Miyazawa, a wealthy pawnbroker. As the eldest son, Kenji was expected to inherit the family business. However, he rejected this path due to his religious beliefs and his deep-seated empathy for the poor farmers who were the family’s clients. This created a profound conflict with his father, but Masajirō ultimately supported Kenji’s chosen path. He provided him with the financial means to pursue his studies, work as an agricultural scientist, and live a life dedicated to the farmers.

Farmers and Students

Miyazawa’s most important relationships outside of his family were with the farmers and students of his hometown. He worked as a teacher at a local agricultural high school, where he taught subjects like agronomy and soil fertility. He also created his own private school, the Rasuchijin Society, where he lectured on agricultural science and art to local farmers. His goal was to improve their lives by sharing modern farming techniques and a broader cultural education, including classical music. Though some farmers were skeptical of his methods, his dedication earned him the nickname “Kenji, the bodhisattva” for his selfless service.

Other Professionals

Miyazawa also had a connection with an engineer from a rock-crushing company. In 1931, during a brief period of recovery from illness, he worked for this company, whose products were intended to improve soil quality. This work was directly related to his ongoing efforts to aid local farmers.

Similar Poets

No poet is truly identical to Kenji Miyazawa, but several share characteristics that make them comparable. His unique blend of scientific observation, spiritual themes, and free-verse style sets him apart, but his work resonates with others who also explore the relationship between humanity, nature, and the cosmos.

Similar Japanese Poets

Shinpei Kusano (1903-1988): A contemporary of Miyazawa, Kusano was a significant poet in his own right and an admirer of Miyazawa’s work. Like Miyazawa, he developed a unique poetic style and often incorporated rural and natural imagery, particularly focusing on frogs. His work also has a childlike, imaginative quality that echoes Miyazawa’s style.

Kōtarō Takamura (1883-1956): Though his work is more varied, Takamura, a sculptor and a poet, shares Miyazawa’s deep reverence for nature and a focus on personal spiritual journey. Takamura’s most famous collection, Chieko’s Sky, is a poignant exploration of his relationship with his wife and their connection to the natural world. He was also instrumental in promoting Miyazawa’s work after his death.

Shuntarō Tanikawa (1931- ): A highly prolific modern poet, Tanikawa’s work shares Miyazawa’s accessibility and deep philosophical underpinnings. He often uses simple language to explore complex themes of existence, loneliness, and the cosmic scale of human life. His work, like Miyazawa’s, is widely read and beloved by people of all ages.

Similar International Poets

Walt Whitman (1819-1892): Whitman’s Leaves of Grass shares a similar expansive, all-encompassing vision with Miyazawa’s work. Both poets wrote in free verse, celebrated the interconnectedness of all life, and saw a divine presence in nature. Their poems are filled with lists and cataloging, creating a sense of a vast, inclusive world.

Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941): This Bengali polymath, who was a contemporary of Miyazawa, explored themes of spirituality, nature, and humanism. Tagore’s work, like Miyazawa’s, is infused with a deep sense of the divine presence within nature and a profound empathy for humanity’s struggles.

Poetry Works

Kenji Miyazawa’s poetic works are most notably defined by the contrast between what was published during his life and what was discovered and celebrated after his death. He self-published only one poetry collection.

Published During His Lifetime

Haru to Shura (春と修羅, Spring and Asura): Published in 1924, this was the only collection of poetry Miyazawa released during his life. It was largely unnoticed at the time. The poems in this collection are characterized by a unique, modern style that blends scientific and religious themes with a free-verse structure.

Posthumous Works

The vast majority of Miyazawa’s famous poetry was found in notebooks and manuscripts after his death in 1933. These works are what established his reputation as one of Japan’s most important modern poets.

“Ame ni mo Makezu” (雨ニモマケズ, “Be not Defeated by the Rain”): This is his most widely known poem. It was found in a notebook after his death and is a powerful statement of his ideals of selfless service and resilience.

“Departure on a Different Road”: A poignant and famous poem written after the death of his younger sister, Toshi.

Miscellaneous Poems: A large body of his work was posthumously collected into his Complete Works of Kenji Miyazawa. These include a wide range of poems that explore his spiritual journey, his scientific observations, and his deep connection to the natural world of Iwate.

Spring and Asura (1924)

Haru to Shura (春と修羅, Spring and Asura) is Kenji Miyazawa’s first and only collection of poetry published during his lifetime. Released in 1924, it was largely overlooked by the public and literary critics at the time, but it has since become a seminal work in modern Japanese literature.

The collection is characterized by Miyazawa’s highly innovative and unique style, which he described as “mental sketches modified.” The poems are a direct and raw exploration of his inner world, blurring the lines between objective reality and his subjective perceptions, and often reflecting his struggles with life, faith, and his relationship with the world around him.

Key Characteristics of “Spring and Asura”

The “Asura” Persona: The title itself is a key to understanding the collection’s themes. An asura is a type of quarrelsome, battling demigod or demon in Buddhist cosmology. Miyazawa identifies with this figure, using it to personify his own inner turmoil, anger, and feelings of helplessness in the face of a chaotic world. The poems are filled with a sense of internal conflict, as he grapples with his religious faith and the hardships he witnesses, particularly the suffering of the local farmers.

Scientific and Spiritual Fusion: The collection is famous for its unique blend of scientific terminology and spiritual imagery. Miyazawa, an agricultural scientist and devout Buddhist, weaves together concepts of geology, astronomy, and biology with Buddhist philosophy. He sees the world as a dynamic, constantly changing system, and his poems reflect this by using scientific language to describe the natural world.

Unique Language and Form: The poems in Spring and Asura are written in a free verse style that was highly unconventional for its time. They are often dense with a mix of Japanese, foreign, and scientific words, creating a complex and sometimes disorienting reading experience. Miyazawa also uses extensive onomatopoeia and irregular line breaks to capture the rhythm and sound of his thoughts.

A Landscape of the Heart: Through the collection, Miyazawa creates a personal, imaginative world that he calls “Ihatov,” a fantastical version of his home prefecture of Iwate. This setting becomes a “landscape of the heart,” where external nature and his internal spiritual struggles become one. The poems are deeply rooted in the rural landscapes of northern Japan but are also a window into a vast, universal, and cosmic reality.

While its initial reception was muted, Spring and Asura is now considered a masterpiece of Japanese modernism and an essential work for understanding Miyazawa’s complex artistic vision.

Works Except Poetry

Beyond poetry, Kenji Miyazawa’s most significant works are his children’s stories, or “fairy tales” (dōwa). While often read by children in Japan, these stories contain the same deep philosophical and spiritual themes found in his poetry. Many of his works, both published and posthumous, have become classics.

Published During His Lifetime

Chumon no ooi ryoriten (注文の多い料理店, The Restaurant of Many Orders): This was his first and only collection of children’s stories published during his lifetime. The title story, about two arrogant hunters who fall prey to a mysterious restaurant, is a well-known allegorical tale.

Posthumous Works

Most of Miyazawa’s prose works, like his poetry, were discovered and published after his death, cementing his legacy.

Ginga tetsudo no yoru (銀河鉄道の夜, Night on the Galactic Railroad): Considered his masterpiece, this unfinished fantasy novel follows two boys on a magical train journey through the Milky Way. It is a deeply allegorical work that explores themes of life, death, and the search for happiness.

Kaze no Matasaburo (風の又三郎, Matasaburo the Wind Imp): This story, set in a rural school, focuses on a mysterious transfer student and the relationship between children and the natural forces around them.

Sero Hiki no Goshu (セロ弾きのゴーシュ, Gauche the Cellist): A story about a struggling cellist who finds inspiration from the animals of the forest.

Yodaka no Hoshi (よだかの星, The Nighthawk Star): This tale about a nighthawk’s struggle with its identity and its eventual transformation into a star is a powerful story about finding one’s purpose.

Episodes & Trivia

Episodes

A “Bodhisattva” to Farmers: After quitting his teaching job, Miyazawa dedicated himself to helping the poor farmers of his home region of Iwate. He founded the Rasu Farmers Association to teach them about agricultural science and also shared his love for art and music, introducing them to classical composers like Beethoven and Wagner by playing records on his gramophone. His selfless efforts earned him the nickname “Kenji, the bodhisattva.”

The Final Conversation: On the day before he died, Miyazawa’s health seemed to be improving. A group of local farmers approached his house, and despite his frail condition, Miyazawa engaged in an hour-long discussion with them about fertilizer. He died the next day, having exhausted himself in his final act of service to the people he cared for.

A Vision of “Ihatov”: Miyazawa created a personal, utopian version of his home prefecture of Iwate, which he called “Ihatov” (a word he derived from the Esperanto name for Iwate). This imaginary land, a blend of reality and fantasy, served as the setting for much of his poetry and prose, where he could explore his ideals of harmony between humanity and nature.

The Posthumous Masterpiece: His most famous poem, “Ame ni mo Makezu” (“Be not Defeated by the Rain”), was discovered in his notebook after his death. It was a private note to himself, outlining his ideals for a selfless and compassionate life. This work, never intended for public view, has since become one of the most beloved and celebrated poems in Japan.

Trivia

A Scientific Poet: Miyazawa was an agricultural scientist and was deeply interested in geology and pedology (the study of soil). He often took his students on field trips and named a spot on the Kitakami River the “English Coast” after the white cliffs of Dover, which he had only seen in pictures. His poems frequently contain scientific terms and observations.

Esperanto Enthusiast: Miyazawa believed in the idea of a universal language and taught himself Esperanto. He incorporated Esperanto words into his poetry and even translated some of his own poems into the language.

Financial Struggle: Despite being from a wealthy family, Miyazawa struggled financially. He self-published his first poetry collection, Haru to Shura, and his children’s story collection, The Restaurant of Many Orders, which were not commercially successful. He is famously said to have earned only five yen from his writing during his lifetime.

(This article was generated by Gemini. And it’s just a reference document for discovering poet and poetries you don’t know yet.)

List of notes on poets and periods of poetry
(Français, Deutsch, English, Español, Italiano)

List of Poetry Translations
(English, Français, Español, Italiano, Deutsch, Nederlands, Svenska)