Overview
Michizo Tachihara (1914-1939) was a Japanese poet and architect. He was born in Tokyo and died at the age of 24 from tuberculosis.
He graduated from the Department of Architecture at Tokyo Imperial University, where he received the annual prize for best project or design for three consecutive years. After graduating, he worked as an architect for two years. His architectural designs often reflected his poetic sensibilities, blending functionality with beauty.
As a poet, Tachihara is known for his lyrical and poignant work. He was associated with the “Shinkankakuha” (New Sensationist School) and his poetry often explored themes of nature, transience, nostalgia, and love. His poems are described as being detached from everyday life and expressing what was in his heart. Although a citizen of Tokyo, his work rarely mentioned urban scenes and instead focused on natural landscapes. He is credited with creating the “pseudo-sonnet,” which was a successful attempt to adapt the European sonnet to Japanese poetry.
Despite his short life, Tachihara’s work has had a lasting impact on modern Japanese literature. His poetry collection, Of Dawn, Of Dusk, was published posthumously and is celebrated in Japan.
History
Michizo Tachihara, born on July 30, 1914, in Tokyo, was a Japanese poet and architect. Even as a child, he showed great talent for both drawing and poetry, and by the age of 13, he was already publishing his work under pseudonyms. He later attended Tokyo Imperial University’s Department of Architecture, where he was recognized as a child prodigy by his teachers. During his time there, he received the prestigious Tatsuno Prize for the best architectural project three years in a row.
After graduating, Tachihara worked as an architect but found his job to be creatively restrictive. He felt “cooped up” and hemmed in. He continued to write poetry, which often provided him with a sense of escape. Though a citizen of Tokyo, his poetry rarely mentioned urban life and instead focused on natural landscapes, such as those found in the Shinano Highlands. His work is known for being sentimental, lyrical, and uncontaminated, and it often explored themes of nature, transience, and nostalgia.
Tachihara’s poetry was influenced by a variety of sources, including both traditional Japanese aesthetics and modern literary movements. He was associated with the “Shinkankakuha” (New Sensationist School) and drew inspiration from European poets like Rilke, Valéry, and Baudelaire.
In March 1938, Tachihara began to suffer from exhaustion and a low-grade fever. Despite a doctor’s orders to rest, he embarked on a long trip. By December of that year, he was admitted to a hospital in Nagasaki after coughing up a significant amount of blood. He returned to Tokyo and was admitted to a sanatorium, but the tuberculosis had already spread. He died on March 29, 1939, at the age of 24. A posthumous collection of his poetry, Of Dawn, Of Dusk, was published, and his work has had a lasting impact on modern Japanese literature. A memorial museum was established in his honor in 1997, and a house based on his architectural plans, the “Hyacinth House,” was built in Saitama in 2004.
Chronology
1914: Michizo Tachihara is born on July 30 in Nihonbashi, Tokyo.
1927: At the age of 13, he begins publishing his work.
1931: He enters First High School, aspiring to study astronomy. He joins the literary club and begins to write free verse poetry.
1932: He publishes his first poetry collection, Kōkage (Tree Shade).
1934: He enrolls in the Department of Architecture at Tokyo Imperial University.
1934-1937: He wins the Tatsuno Prize for the best architectural project for three consecutive years. He is also asked by five different literary journals to submit his works.
1936: He is diagnosed with tuberculosis.
1938: In March, he begins to experience exhaustion and a low-grade fever. Despite a doctor’s orders to rest, he travels to northern Honshū and Nagasaki. In December, he arrives in Nagasaki exhausted and is admitted to a hospital after coughing up blood. He is later admitted to a sanatorium in Tokyo.
1939: He receives the first Chūya Nakahara Prize. On March 29, he dies from tuberculosis at the age of 24. A posthumous collection of his poetry, Of Dawn, Of Dusk, is published.
1997: The Michizo Tachihara Memorial Museum is established in Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo.
2004: The “Hyacinth House,” based on his architectural plans, is completed in Saitama City.
Characteristics of Poetry
Michizo Tachihara’s poetry is characterized by its lyrical, musical quality and a profound sense of nostalgia, nature, and the transience of life. He is often associated with the “Shinkankakuha” (New Sensationist School) but developed a unique style that blended traditional Japanese aesthetics with modernist techniques.
Major Characteristics
Lyrical and Melodious Style: Tachihara’s poems have a distinctive musicality. He was a talented musician and his love for music is reflected in the rhythm and sound of his verse. He is also credited with creating the “pseudo-sonnet,” a successful attempt to adapt the European sonnet form to the Japanese language.
Focus on Nature and Landscape: Despite living in Tokyo, his poetry rarely mentions urban settings. Instead, it is filled with vivid imagery of natural landscapes, particularly those of the Shinano Highlands, where he often traveled. His poems feature elements like trees, birds, flowers, wind, and mountains, which serve as a canvas for his emotions.
Themes of Transience and Nostalgia: A central theme in his work is mono no aware, a Japanese concept that conveys a gentle sadness at the fleeting nature of things. His poems often evoke a sense of longing and a quiet melancholy for lost moments, memories, and the inevitable passage of time.
Sincere and Uncontaminated Expression: Tachihara’s poetry is known for its purity and sincerity. He wrote directly from the heart, expressing his inner feelings and dreams without the influence of the social and political events of the time. This detachment from everyday reality gives his work a timeless, contemplative quality.
Blending of Influences: His style is a synthesis of various influences. He studied Western poets like Rainer Maria Rilke and Charles Baudelaire but also drew heavily from traditional Japanese poetic forms like waka and classical works such as the Shinkokinshū anthology. This fusion of old and new, Eastern and Western, is a hallmark of his poetic voice.
Style(s), Genre(s), Theme(s) and Technique(s)
Michizo Tachihara’s poetry is a unique blend of modern and traditional influences, reflecting his short but prolific career. His work is primarily known for its lyrical, musical quality and a deeply contemplative mood.
Styles, Movements, and Periods
Tachihara’s work falls within the Shōwa period of Japanese literature (1926-1989). While he was a part of the Modernist movement in Japan, he had a unique connection to the Shinkankakuha (New Sensationist School), which emphasized innovative imagery and a focus on sensory experience. However, his style diverged from the school’s mainstream, blending its modernism with a profound respect for traditional Japanese aesthetics. He’s often categorized as a lyric poet due to his emphasis on personal emotion and musicality.
Forms and Techniques
Tachihara is credited with creating the “pseudo-sonnet,” a distinct form that successfully adapted the European sonnet to the Japanese language. His poetic forms are often characterized by their rhythmic flow, which reflects his love for music.
Technically, he used imagery-driven language to paint vivid pictures of nature. This is a key aspect of his work, as he used natural elements like wind, flowers, and trees to symbolize his inner emotions. He also used metaphors to emphasize the transient nature of life, a theme central to his poetry. The economy of expression found in traditional Japanese forms like waka and haiku also influenced his concise and emotionally resonant style.
Themes and Subjects
Nature and the Seasons: This is arguably the most dominant subject in Tachihara’s poetry. He rarely wrote about urban life, instead finding inspiration in the natural landscapes, especially the Shinano Highlands. He used elements of nature to explore and express his feelings.
Nostalgia and Transience: A core theme is “mono no aware,” the profound awareness and gentle sadness at the impermanence of things. His poems often evoke a sense of longing for the past and a melancholy at the fleeting nature of memories, life, and love.
Love and Solitude: Tachihara’s poems frequently touch on themes of love, often with an element of quiet sorrow or unfulfilled desire. A sense of solitude and introspection is also a recurring subject, reflecting his personal struggles with illness and his contemplative nature.
Impacts & Influences
Michizo Tachihara, despite his short life, had a significant impact on both Japanese literature and architecture. His influence is felt in his unique poetic style, his blending of traditional and modern sensibilities, and his a-typical approach to a career in architecture.
Poetic Influence
Tachihara’s primary impact was on modern Japanese poetry. He is celebrated for his lyrical and sentimental style, which stood apart from the increasingly militaristic and nationalistic themes prevalent during the Second Sino-Japanese War. He did not let the societal changes of the time affect his work, and instead, focused on timeless themes. Tachihara’s poems are praised for their uncontaminated and genuine nature, which stemmed from his dedication to expressing his inner feelings and dreams.
He is credited with creating the “pseudo-sonnet,” a form that was the most successful attempt at adapting the European sonnet to the Japanese language. His poetry is a prime example of successfully blending Western influences, such as those from poets like Rainer Maria Rilke, with traditional Japanese aesthetics like mono no aware (the beauty of impermanence) and classical forms like waka and haiku. His use of natural imagery to convey complex emotions has had a lasting influence on subsequent poets.
Architectural Legacy
As an architect, Tachihara’s influence is more conceptual than practical due to his early death. He viewed architecture as an extension of his poetic vision, believing that functional design and beauty could be harmoniously combined. His architectural designs and essays often reflected his poetic sensibilities, demonstrating a deep connection between the two disciplines.
A testament to his legacy is the “Hyacinth House,” a home built in 2004 in Saitama City, based on his architectural plans. This physical realization of his designs years after his death highlights the enduring quality of his vision and his unique approach to the relationship between structure and art. His struggle to reconcile the traditional and the modern in his work is a theme that resonates with many artists and architects who have followed him.
Relationships with Poets
Michizo Tachihara’s relationships with other poets were a mix of direct friendships and indirect influences.
Direct Relationships
Tachihara was a member of the literary group Shiki (Four Seasons), which included several notable poets. It was through this group that he had a direct, albeit brief, encounter with poet Chūya Nakahara, who once called him “Yo, Gabory” at a gathering in Ginza.
He also had a close friendship with Yasushi Nagata, another poet from the Shiki group. They shared a strong literary bond, often exchanging ideas about poetry and aesthetics. Nagata played a role in encouraging Tachihara’s poetic development, and their works both reflect a sensitivity to nature.
Indirect Influences
Tachihara was connected to the Shinkankakuha (New Sensationist School), a literary movement that included writers like Yasunari Kawabata and Riichi Yokomitsu. While these two were more prominent in prose, their emphasis on sensory experience and innovative techniques influenced Tachihara’s poetic approach.
He was also influenced by established poets such as Rofu Miki, whose lyricism and use of nature in his poetry served as an inspiration for Tachihara’s style. Miki’s blending of traditional Japanese themes with modern sensibilities resonated deeply with Tachihara.
Additionally, Tachihara was influenced by Western poets, including the German poet Rainer Maria Rilke and the French poets Paul Valéry and Charles Baudelaire.
Relationships
Michizo Tachihara’s relationships with people in other professions were primarily through his work as an architect. He was a graduate of the Department of Architecture at Tokyo Imperial University, and his academic and professional life placed him in direct contact with other architects.
Architectural Relationships
Tachihara’s primary direct professional relationships were with his colleagues and fellow students in the field of architecture. One notable colleague was Rōkō Sasaki, a fellow architect with whom he studied at the University of Tokyo. Their discussions on architectural design and theory were significant to Tachihara’s artistic vision, which integrated his poetic and architectural sensibilities.
His architectural designs, such as the “Hyacinth House” which was built posthumously, demonstrate a connection between his dual careers. The fact that his work continues to be an inspiration for exhibitions and collaborations between writers and architects highlights his indirect influence on artists beyond his lifetime.
Similar Composers
Michizo Tachihara’s poetry is often seen as a bridge between traditional Japanese aesthetics and Western-influenced modernism. Therefore, poets who are considered similar often share this dual nature.
Japanese Poets
Chūya Nakahara (1907-1937): A contemporary of Tachihara who also died young. Both poets were known for their lyrical and sentimental style, and their work is often infused with a sense of melancholic beauty. While Nakahara’s poetry is more grounded and often deals with themes of urban angst and poverty, his emotional intensity and focus on personal feeling resonate with Tachihara’s work.
Kenji Miyazawa (1896-1933): Although Miyazawa’s themes were broader, often encompassing scientific and cosmic ideas, his deep connection to nature and use of vivid, imaginative imagery is very similar to Tachihara’s style. Both poets found inspiration in the landscapes of Japan and used nature to explore philosophical and emotional questions.
Yasushi Nagata (1915-1971): A close friend of Tachihara’s, Nagata shared a similar literary sensibility. Their works both reflect a sensitivity to nature and a focus on capturing fleeting emotions. Their shared intellectual and artistic bond is evident in the thematic and stylistic parallels in their poetry.
Western Poets (Indirect Influence)
Tachihara was heavily influenced by several Western poets, and readers of his work often find stylistic similarities to:
Rainer Maria Rilke (1875-1926): A German poet known for his lyrical and deeply introspective work. Rilke’s exploration of themes of transience, beauty, and the inner life of objects strongly influenced Tachihara.
Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867): A French poet known for his Symbolist works. While Baudelaire’s subject matter was more urban and often darker than Tachihara’s, his use of imagery and his exploration of the human psyche were significant influences.
Poetry Works
Michizo Tachihara’s poetry is primarily collected in his posthumously published works. He only published one collection of poetry in his lifetime, which was Kōkage (Tree Shade).
His most notable and celebrated poetry collection is Of Dawn, Of Dusk. This collection was published posthumously and contains many of his well-known poems. He wrote hundreds of poems during his short career, and many of them are included in this book.
Another work is Gentle Poems (Yasashiki Uta). This collection was also published after his death. Some of his poems, such as “Lullaby” and “Thoughts After Parting,” are also well-known.
Of Dawn, Of Dusk
“Of Dawn, Of Dusk” is the most well-known and comprehensive collection of poetry by Michizo Tachihara. Published posthumously after his death in 1939 at the age of 24, it compiles the works he wrote during his brief but intense career as a poet. The collection is highly regarded in modern Japanese literature and is considered a definitive representation of his unique style.
The poems in “Of Dawn, Of Dusk” are known for their:
Lyrical and Melancholy Tone: The collection is infused with a sense of gentle sadness and introspection. Tachihara’s poetry often explores themes of transience, longing, and the quiet beauty of fleeting moments. The title itself suggests the liminal space between two states, mirroring the poet’s own short life and his exploration of a world caught between tradition and modernity.
Connection to Nature: Throughout the collection, Tachihara uses natural imagery—birds, clouds, trees, flowers, and the landscapes of the Shinano Highlands—to express his emotions. He rarely mentions urban scenes, and instead, uses the natural world as a metaphor for his internal feelings and as a source of escape from the “cooped-up” feeling of his life as an architect in Tokyo.
Fusion of East and West: “Of Dawn, Of Dusk” is a prime example of Tachihara’s ability to blend Western poetic forms and influences with traditional Japanese aesthetics. He was influenced by European poets like Rainer Maria Rilke, but his work remains deeply rooted in concepts like mono no aware (a gentle pathos for the impermanence of things).
The collection stands as a testament to Tachihara’s genuine and “uncontaminated” poetic voice. It is a work of great emotional depth and artistic sincerity, solidifying his legacy as one of the most beloved lyric poets of the Shōwa period.
Gentle Poems
“Gentle Poems” is one of Michizo Tachihara’s posthumously published poetry collections. It showcases his signature lyrical style and his focus on introspective and nature-filled themes.
Characteristics and Themes
The poems in this collection are marked by their gentle, soft-spoken tone, which is reflected in the title itself. They often explore the beauty of nature and the emotional landscape of the poet. Like his other works, the collection is filled with imagery of natural scenes—from the rustling of leaves to the scent of flowers.
A recurring theme is the reconciliation of dreams with reality. The poems often portray a speaker who feels a disconnect between their idealized, pastoral dreams and their real life. This tension is a central element, showing Tachihara’s struggle as an architect in a modernizing Tokyo while yearning for the simple, natural world of the countryside. The collection is also notable for its exploration of solitude, memory, and the passage of time, all conveyed with a sense of poignant nostalgia.
Works Except Poetry
Michizo Tachihara, in addition to his poetry, was a trained architect. His non-poetic works are primarily in this field and include architectural designs and drawings.
Architectural Designs: Though he died before many of his projects could be realized, his designs were an integral part of his creative output. One notable example is the “Hyacinth House,” a design that was built posthumously in 2004, highlighting his enduring architectural vision.
Writings on Architecture: Tachihara also wrote essays that explored the relationship between architecture and literature. For instance, he wrote an essay titled “On Dwellings” in 1936, in which he drew a comparison between a home and a hollow sphere, where “the spirit of the dwelling wraps the surface of the sphere, and the spirit of the essay attempts to wrap the concave surface of the hollow sphere.” This illustrates his unique philosophical approach to his two professions.
Episodes & Trivia
Michizo Tachihara, the poet and architect, has several interesting episodes and trivia that shed light on his personality and life.
Anecdotes and Personal Life
A “Carrot” and a Drunken Poet: During his university days, Tachihara was nicknamed “carrot” by his peers due to his tall, thin physique. He had a notable encounter with fellow poet Chūya Nakahara at a gathering of their literary group, Shiki. A drunken Nakahara repeatedly called him “Yo, Gabory,” a nickname that surprised the quiet and reserved Tachihara.
A Dream of Escape: Tachihara felt “cooped up” and creatively “hemmed in” by his job as an architect after graduation. He saw trains as “vehicles of escape,” which would rescue him from his office life. This longing for freedom and nature is a central theme in his poetry, which rarely mentions urban scenes despite his being a Tokyo resident.
A Child Prodigy: Tachihara showed a talent for drawing from a young age, with his teachers regarding him as a child prodigy. In high school, he joined both the Painting Club and the Magazine Club, where he began to have his works published. He would go on to win the prestigious Tatsuno Prize for the best architectural design three years in a row at Tokyo Imperial University.
A Final Poem: Tachihara’s final known poem is “Lullaby,” which he wrote shortly before his death. The poem’s themes of rest and sleep are poignant given that he was suffering from tuberculosis at the time.
Legacy and Trivia
The Hyacinth House: Tachihara’s architectural vision was so strong that one of his unbuilt designs was realized decades after his death. In 2004, the “Hyacinth House,” a small villa he had designed, was built in Saitama City. The building, located in Bessho-numa Park, serves as a physical testament to his architectural and poetic dream, and a hope that unfulfilled dreams may one day be passed on and realized by others.
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